# SIN:Superpixel Interpolation Network

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.08702 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.08702/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 7 of its 29 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 17 Oct 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1411.4038/) (2014)
- [Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets and Fully Connected CRFs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.7062/) (2014)
- [Superpixel Sampling Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.10174/) (2018)
- [SEEDS: Superpixels Extracted via Energy-Driven Sampling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1309.3848/) (2013)
- [Superpixel Segmentation with Fully Convolutional Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.12929/) (2020)
- [Superpixels: An Evaluation of the State-of-the-Art](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1612.01601/) (2016)
- [Superpixel Convolutional Networks using Bilateral Inceptions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1511.06739/) (2015)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [A comprehensive review and new taxonomy on superpixel segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.19179/) (2024)
- [Exploring Superpixel Segmentation Methods in the Context of Citizen Science and Deforestation Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.17922/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Superpixels have been widely used in computer vision tasks due to their representational and computational efficiency. Meanwhile, deep learning and end-to-end framework have made great progress in various fields including computer vision. However, existing superpixel algorithms cannot be integrated into subsequent tasks in an end-to-end way. Traditional algorithms and deep learning-based algorithms are two main streams in superpixel segmentation. The former is non-differentiable and the latter needs a non-differentiable post-processing step to enforce connectivity, which constraints the integration of superpixels and downstream tasks. In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based superpixel segmentation algorithm SIN which can be integrated with downstream tasks in an end-to-end way. Owing to some downstream tasks such as visual tracking require real-time speed, the speed of generating superpixels is also important. To remove the post-processing step, our algorithm enforces spatial connectivity from the start. Superpixels are initialized by sampled pixels and other pixels are assigned to superpixels through multiple updating steps. Each step consists of a horizontal and a vertical interpolation, which is the key to enforcing spatial connectivity. Multi-layer outputs of a fully convolutional network are utilized to predict association scores for interpolations. Experimental results show that our approach runs at about 80fps and performs favorably against state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, we design a simple but effective loss function which reduces much training time. The improvements of superpixel-based tasks demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm. We hope SIN will be integrated into downstream tasks in an end-to-end way and benefit the superpixel-based community. Code is available at: hrefhttps://github.com/yuanqqq/SINhttps://github.com/yuanqqq/SIN.