# An End-to-end Entangled Segmentation and Classification Convolutional Neural Network for Periodontitis Stage Grading from Periapical Radiographic Images

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.13120 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.13120/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 7 of its 38 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 27 Sep 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1505.04597/) (2015)
- [End-to-end Training for Whole Image Breast Cancer Diagnosis using An All Convolutional Design](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.05775/) (2017)
- [Deep Supervision for Pancreatic Cyst Segmentation in Abdominal CT Scans](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.07346/) (2017)
- [Pi-PE: A Pipeline for Pulmonary Embolism Detection using Sparsely Annotated 3D CT Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.02175/) (2019)
- [Detection of Tooth caries in Bitewing Radiographs using Deep Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.07312/) (2017)
- [OralCam: Enabling Self-Examination and Awareness of Oral Health Using a Smartphone Camera](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.05621/) (2020)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Periodontitis is a biofilm-related chronic inflammatory disease characterized by gingivitis and bone loss in the teeth area. Approximately 61 million adults over 30 suffer from periodontitis (42.2%), with 7.8% having severe periodontitis in the United States. The measurement of radiographic bone loss (RBL) is necessary to make a correct periodontal diagnosis, especially if the comprehensive and longitudinal periodontal mapping is unavailable. However, doctors can interpret X-rays differently depending on their experience and knowledge. Computerized diagnosis support for doctors sheds light on making the diagnosis with high accuracy and consistency and drawing up an appropriate treatment plan for preventing or controlling periodontitis. We developed an end-to-end deep learning network HYNETS (Hybrid NETwork for pEriodoNTiTiS STagES from radiograpH) by integrating segmentation and classification tasks for grading periodontitis from periapical radiographic images. HYNETS leverages a multi-task learning strategy by combining a set of segmentation networks and a classification network to provide an end-to-end interpretable solution and highly accurate and consistent results. HYNETS achieved the average dice coefficient of 0.96 and 0.94 for the bone area and tooth segmentation and the average AUC of 0.97 for periodontitis stage assignment. Additionally, conventional image processing techniques provide RBL measurements and build transparency and trust in the model's prediction. HYNETS will potentially transform clinical diagnosis from a manual time-consuming, and error-prone task to an efficient and automated periodontitis stage assignment based on periapical radiographic images.