# Classification of COVID-19 from CXR Images in a 15-class Scenario: an Attempt to Avoid Bias in the System

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.12453 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.12453/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 35 of its 72 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 25 Sep 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 35)

- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.1556/) (2014)
- [Densely Connected Convolutional Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1608.06993/) (2016)
- [Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Vision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.00567/) (2015)
- [MobileNets: Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks for Mobile Vision Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1704.04861/) (2017)
- [Xception: Deep Learning with Depthwise Separable Convolutions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1610.02357/) (2016)
- [Inception-v4, Inception-ResNet and the Impact of Residual Connections on Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1602.07261/) (2016)
- [CheXpert: A Large Chest Radiograph Dataset with Uncertainty Labels and Expert Comparison](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.07031/) (2019)
- [ChestX-ray8: Hospital-scale Chest X-ray Database and Benchmarks on Weakly-Supervised Classification and Localization of Common Thorax Diseases](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1705.02315/) (2017)
- [CheXNet: Radiologist-Level Pneumonia Detection on Chest X-Rays with Deep Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.05225/) (2017)
- [COVID-19 Image Data Collection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.11597/) (2020)
- [Covid-19: Automatic detection from X-Ray images utilizing Transfer Learning with Convolutional Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.11617/) (2020)
- [Automatic Detection of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Using X-ray Images and Deep Convolutional Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.10849/) (2020)
- [CoroNet: A deep neural network for detection and diagnosis of COVID-19 from chest x-ray images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.04931/) (2020)
- [Review of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Imaging Data Acquisition, Segmentation and Diagnosis for COVID-19](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.02731/) (2020)
- [Comparison of Deep Learning Approaches for Multi-Label Chest X-Ray Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.02315/) (2018)
- [Estimating Uncertainty and Interpretability in Deep Learning for Coronavirus (COVID-19) Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.10769/) (2020)
- [Classification of COVID-19 in chest X-ray images using DeTraC deep convolutional neural network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.13815/) (2020)
- [Diagnose like a Radiologist: Attention Guided Convolutional Neural Network for Thorax Disease Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.09927/) (2018)
- [COVID-CAPS: A Capsule Network-based Framework for Identification of COVID-19 cases from X-ray Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.02696/) (2020)
- [Chest X-rays Classification: A Multi-Label and Fine-Grained Problem](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.07247/) (2018)
- [Iteratively Pruned Deep Learning Ensembles for COVID-19 Detection in Chest X-rays](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.08379/) (2020)
- [Unveiling COVID-19 from Chest X-ray with deep learning: a hurdles race with small data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.05405/) (2020)
- [COVID-19 identification in chest X-ray images on flat and hierarchical classification scenarios](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.05835/) (2020)
- [COVID-DA: Deep Domain Adaptation from Typical Pneumonia to COVID-19](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.01577/) (2020)
- [Finding Covid-19 from Chest X-rays using Deep Learning on a Small Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.02060/) (2020)
- [Towards an Effective and Efficient Deep Learning Model for COVID-19 Patterns Detection in X-ray Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.05717/) (2020)
- [Chester: A Web Delivered Locally Computed Chest X-Ray Disease Prediction System](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.11210/) (2019)
- [DeepCOVIDExplainer: Explainable COVID-19 Diagnosis Based on Chest X-ray Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.04582/) (2020)
- [A Deep Convolutional Neural Network for COVID-19 Detection Using Chest X-Rays](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.01578/) (2020)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Exponential Pixelating Integral transform with dual fractal features for enhanced chest X-ray abnormality detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.10988/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

As of June 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) has reported 171.7 million confirmed cases including 3,698,621 deaths from COVID-19. Detecting COVID-19 and other lung diseases from Chest X-Ray (CXR) images can be very effective for emergency diagnosis and treatment as CXR is fast and cheap. The objective of this study is to develop a system capable of detecting COVID-19 along with 14 other lung diseases from CXRs in a fair and unbiased manner. The proposed system consists of a CXR image selection technique and a deep learning based model to classify 15 diseases including COVID-19. The proposed CXR selection technique aims to retain the maximum variation uniformly and eliminate poor quality CXRs with the goal of reducing the training dataset size without compromising classifier accuracy. More importantly, it reduces the often hidden bias and unfairness in decision making. The proposed solution exhibits a promising COVID-19 detection scheme in a more realistic situation than most existing studies as it deals with 15 lung diseases together. We hope the proposed method will have wider adoption in medical image classification and other related fields.