# Meta-Path-based Fake News Detection Leveraging Multi-level Social Context Information

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.08022 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.08022/

## Key facts

- Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 24 of its 52 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 13 Sep 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 24 of 24)

- [Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1609.02907/) (2016)
- [Graph Attention Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1710.10903/) (2017)
- [Inductive Representation Learning on Large Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.02216/) (2017)
- [Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1301.3781/) (2013)
- [Empirical Evaluation of Gated Recurrent Neural Networks on Sequence Modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.3555/) (2014)
- [node2vec: Scalable Feature Learning for Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1607.00653/) (2016)
- [Modeling Relational Data with Graph Convolutional Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.06103/) (2017)
- [RotatE: Knowledge Graph Embedding by Relational Rotation in Complex Space](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1902.10197/) (2019)
- [Heterogeneous Graph Attention Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.07293/) (2019)
- [Convolutional 2D Knowledge Graph Embeddings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1707.01476/) (2017)
- [Distributed Representations of Sentences and Documents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1405.4053/) (2014)
- [MAGNN: Metapath Aggregated Graph Neural Network for Heterogeneous Graph Embedding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.01680/) (2020)
- [Rumor Detection on Social Media with Bi-Directional Graph Convolutional Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.06362/) (2020)
- [Automatic Detection of Fake News](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1708.07104/) (2017)
- [CSI: A Hybrid Deep Model for Fake News Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.06959/) (2017)
- [FANG: Leveraging Social Context for Fake News Detection Using Graph Representation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.07939/) (2020)
- [Beyond News Contents: The Role of Social Context for Fake News Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1712.07709/) (2017)
- [A Stylometric Inquiry into Hyperpartisan and Fake News](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1702.05638/) (2017)
- [Graph Neural Networks with Continual Learning for Fake News Detection from Social Media](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.03316/) (2020)
- [The Role of User Profile for Fake News Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.13355/) (2019)
- [Ginger Cannot Cure Cancer: Battling Fake Health News with a Comprehensive Data Repository](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.00837/) (2020)
- [Graph-based Modeling of Online Communities for Fake News Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.06274/) (2020)
- [Adversarial Active Learning based Heterogeneous Graph Neural Network for Fake News Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.11206/) (2021)
- [Hierarchical Multi-head Attentive Network for Evidence-aware Fake News Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.02680/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 8 of 8)

- [Bad Actor, Good Advisor: Exploring the Role of Large Language Models in Fake News Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.12247/) (2023)
- [A Survey of Imbalanced Learning on Graphs: Problems, Techniques, and Future Directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.13821/) (2023)
- [It's All in the Embedding! Fake News Detection Using Document Embeddings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.07781/) (2023)
- [Combating Health Misinformation in Social Media: Characterization, Detection, Intervention, and Open Issues](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.05289/) (2022)
- [Fake News Detection Through Graph-based Neural Networks: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.12639/) (2023)
- [Multi-Sourced, Multi-Agent Evidence Retrieval for Fact-Checking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.00267/) (2026)
- [Rumor Detection on Social Media with Reinforcement Learning-based Key Propagation Graph Generator](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.13094/) (2024)
- [PassREfinder-FL: Privacy-Preserving Credential Stuffing Risk Prediction via Graph-Based Federated Learning for Representing Password Reuse between Websites](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.16083/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Fake news, false or misleading information presented as news, has a significant impact on many aspects of society, such as in politics or healthcare domains. Due to the deceiving nature of fake news, applying Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to the news content alone is insufficient. The multi-level social context information (news publishers and engaged users in social media) and temporal information of user engagement are important information in fake news detection. The proper usage of this information, however, introduces three chronic difficulties: 1) multi-level social context information is hard to be used without information loss, 2) temporal information is hard to be used along with multi-level social context information, 3) news representation with multi-level social context and temporal information is hard to be learned in an end-to-end manner. To overcome all three difficulties, we propose a novel fake news detection framework, Hetero-SCAN. We use Meta-Path to extract meaningful multi-level social context information without loss. Meta-Path, a composite relation connecting two node types, is proposed to capture the semantics in the heterogeneous graph. We then propose Meta-Path instance encoding and aggregation methods to capture the temporal information of user engagement and produce news representation end-to-end. According to our experiment, Hetero-SCAN yields significant performance improvement over state-of-the-art fake news detection methods.