# Modelling Strategic Deceptive Planning in Adversarial Multi-Agent Systems

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.03092 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.03092/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 7 Sep 2021.

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Scheming Ability in LLM-to-LLM Strategic Interactions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.12826/) (2025)
- [Deception Analysis with Artificial Intelligence: An Interdisciplinary Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.05724/) (2024)
- [Diverse, Top-k, and Top-Quality Planning Over Simulators](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.13147/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Deception is virtually ubiquitous in warfare, and should be a central consideration for military operations research. However, studies of agent behaviour in simulated operations have typically neglected to include explicit models of deception. This paper proposes that a computational model that approximates the human deceptive planning process would enable the authentic representation of strategic deception in multi-agent systems. The proposed deceptive planning model provides a framework for studying, explaining, and discovering deceptive behaviours, enabling the generation of novel solutions to adversarial planning problems.