# Tensor Pooling Driven Instance Segmentation Framework for Baggage Threat Recognition

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.09603 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.09603/

## Key facts

- Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 27 of its 94 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 22 Aug 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 27 of 27)

- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1505.04597/) (2015)
- [Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.1556/) (2014)
- [Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1506.01497/) (2015)
- [Mask R-CNN](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.06870/) (2017)
- [Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1411.4038/) (2014)
- [You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1506.02640/) (2015)
- [Going Deeper with Convolutions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.4842/) (2014)
- [SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detector](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.02325/) (2015)
- [YOLOv3: An Incremental Improvement](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.02767/) (2018)
- [Pyramid Scene Parsing Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1612.01105/) (2016)
- [FCOS: Fully Convolutional One-Stage Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.01355/) (2019)
- [YOLO9000: Better, Faster, Stronger](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1612.08242/) (2016)
- [SqueezeNet: AlexNet-level accuracy with 50x fewer parameters and <0.5MB model size](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1602.07360/) (2016)
- [R-FCN: Object Detection via Region-based Fully Convolutional Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1605.06409/) (2016)
- [GANomaly: Semi-Supervised Anomaly Detection via Adversarial Training](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1805.06725/) (2018)
- [Skip-GANomaly: Skip Connected and Adversarially Trained Encoder-Decoder Anomaly Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.08954/) (2019)
- [SIXray : A Large-scale Security Inspection X-ray Benchmark for Prohibited Item Discovery in Overlapping Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.00303/) (2019)
- [Occluded Prohibited Items Detection: an X-ray Security Inspection Benchmark and De-occlusion Attention Module](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.08656/) (2020)
- [Towards Automatic Threat Detection: A Survey of Advances of Deep Learning within X-ray Security Imaging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.01293/) (2020)
- [Clinically Verified Hybrid Deep Learning System for Retinal Ganglion Cells Aware Grading of Glaucomatous Progression](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.03872/) (2020)
- [Evaluation of a Dual Convolutional Neural Network Architecture for Object-wise Anomaly Detection in Cluttered X-ray Security Imagery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.05304/) (2019)
- [Unsupervised Anomaly Instance Segmentation for Baggage Threat Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.07333/) (2021)
- [Evaluating the Transferability and Adversarial Discrimination of Convolutional Neural Networks for Threat Object Detection and Classification within X-Ray Security Imagery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.08966/) (2019)
- [Trainable Structure Tensors for Autonomous Baggage Threat Detection Under Extreme Occlusion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.13158/) (2020)
- [A Dilated Residual Hierarchically Fashioned Segmentation Framework for Extracting Gleason Tissues and Grading Prostate Cancer from Whole Slide Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.00527/) (2020)
- [Detection of concealed cars in complex cargo X-ray imagery using Deep Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1606.08078/) (2016)

## Built on by (most cited first, 6 of 6)

- [STING-BEE: Towards Vision-Language Model for Real-World X-ray Baggage Security Inspection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.02823/) (2025)
- [An Incremental Learning Approach to Automatically Recognize Pulmonary Diseases from the Multi-vendor Chest Radiographs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.02574/) (2022)
- [Incremental Cross-Domain Adaptation for Robust Retinopathy Screening via Bayesian Deep Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.09319/) (2021)
- [A Novel Incremental Learning Driven Instance Segmentation Framework to Recognize Highly Cluttered Instances of the Contraband Items](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.02560/) (2022)
- [Automated segmentation and extraction of posterior eye segment using OCT scans](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.10000/) (2021)
- [Temporal Fusion Based Mutli-scale Semantic Segmentation for Detecting Concealed Baggage Threats](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.02651/) (2021)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Automated systems designed for screening contraband items from the X-ray imagery are still facing difficulties with high clutter, concealment, and extreme occlusion. In this paper, we addressed this challenge using a novel multi-scale contour instance segmentation framework that effectively identifies the cluttered contraband data within the baggage X-ray scans. Unlike standard models that employ region-based or keypoint-based techniques to generate multiple boxes around objects, we propose to derive proposals according to the hierarchy of the regions defined by the contours. The proposed framework is rigorously validated on three public datasets, dubbed GDXray, SIXray, and OPIXray, where it outperforms the state-of-the-art methods by achieving the mean average precision score of 0.9779, 0.9614, and 0.8396, respectively. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first contour instance segmentation framework that leverages multi-scale information to recognize cluttered and concealed contraband data from the colored and grayscale security X-ray imagery.