# GAN Inversion for Out-of-Range Images with Geometric Transformations

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.08998 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.08998/

## Key facts

- Cited by 55 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 27 of its 34 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 20 Aug 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 27 of 27)

- [Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.6980/) (2014)
- [Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.1556/) (2014)
- [The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metric](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.03924/) (2018)
- [A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.04948/) (2018)
- [Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGAN](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.04958/) (2019)
- [Progressive Growing of GANs for Improved Quality, Stability, and Variation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1710.10196/) (2017)
- [Large Scale GAN Training for High Fidelity Natural Image Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.11096/) (2018)
- [Unsupervised Representation Learning with Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1511.06434/) (2015)
- [Arbitrary Style Transfer in Real-time with Adaptive Instance Normalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.06868/) (2017)
- [LSUN: Construction of a Large-scale Image Dataset using Deep Learning with Humans in the Loop](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1506.03365/) (2015)
- [Encoding in Style: a StyleGAN Encoder for Image-to-Image Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.00951/) (2020)
- [Interpreting the Latent Space of GANs for Semantic Face Editing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.10786/) (2019)
- [Image2StyleGAN: How to Embed Images Into the StyleGAN Latent Space?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.03189/) (2019)
- [GANSpace: Discovering Interpretable GAN Controls](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.02546/) (2020)
- [In-Domain GAN Inversion for Real Image Editing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.00049/) (2020)
- [Closed-Form Factorization of Latent Semantics in GANs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.06600/) (2020)
- [PULSE: Self-Supervised Photo Upsampling via Latent Space Exploration of Generative Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.03808/) (2020)
- [Image2StyleGAN++: How to Edit the Embedded Images?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.11544/) (2019)
- [Generative Visual Manipulation on the Natural Image Manifold](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1609.03552/) (2016)
- [Exploiting Deep Generative Prior for Versatile Image Restoration and Manipulation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.13659/) (2020)
- [Image Processing Using Multi-Code GAN Prior](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.07116/) (2019)
- [Semantic Photo Manipulation with a Generative Image Prior](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.07727/) (2020)
- [Semantic Image Inpainting with Deep Generative Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1607.07539/) (2016)
- [Inverting The Generator Of A Generative Adversarial Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1611.05644/) (2016)
- [Improved StyleGAN Embedding: Where are the Good Latents?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2012.09036/) (2020)
- [Transforming and Projecting Images into Class-conditional Generative Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.01703/) (2020)
- [Collaborative Learning for Faster StyleGAN Embedding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.01758/) (2020)

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 55)

- [HyperStyle: StyleGAN Inversion with HyperNetworks for Real Image Editing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.15666/) (2021)
- [High-Fidelity GAN Inversion for Image Attribute Editing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.06590/) (2021)
- [StyleHEAT: One-Shot High-Resolution Editable Talking Face Generation via Pre-trained StyleGAN](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.04036/) (2022)
- [HyperInverter: Improving StyleGAN Inversion via Hypernetwork](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.00719/) (2021)
- [Effective Real Image Editing with Accelerated Iterative Diffusion Inversion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.04907/) (2023)
- [Stitch it in Time: GAN-Based Facial Editing of Real Videos](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.08361/) (2022)
- [Fine-Grained Face Swapping via Regional GAN Inversion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.14068/) (2022)
- [Third Time's the Charm? Image and Video Editing with StyleGAN3](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.13433/) (2022)
- [Image-Based CLIP-Guided Essence Transfer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.12427/) (2021)
- [Spatially-Adaptive Multilayer Selection for GAN Inversion and Editing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.08357/) (2022)
- [BigColor: Colorization using a Generative Color Prior for Natural Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.09685/) (2022)
- [Transferable Adversarial Facial Images for Privacy Protection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.01428/) (2024)
- [High-fidelity GAN Inversion with Padding Space](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.11105/) (2022)
- [Personalized Image Generation with Deep Generative Models: A Decade Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.13081/) (2025)
- [StyleGANEX: StyleGAN-Based Manipulation Beyond Cropped Aligned Faces](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.06146/) (2023)
- [Delving StyleGAN Inversion for Image Editing: A Foundation Latent Space Viewpoint](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.11448/) (2022)
- [Hierarchical Diffusion Autoencoders and Disentangled Image Manipulation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.11829/) (2023)
- [Intra-Source Style Augmentation for Improved Domain Generalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.10175/) (2022)
- [Feature-Style Encoder for Style-Based GAN Inversion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.02183/) (2022)
- [Near Perfect GAN Inversion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.11833/) (2022)
- [Attribute Group Editing for Reliable Few-shot Image Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.08422/) (2022)
- [Landscape Learning for Neural Network Inversion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.09027/) (2022)
- [DynaGAN: Dynamic Few-shot Adaptation of GANs to Multiple Domains](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.14554/) (2022)
- [Robust Unsupervised StyleGAN Image Restoration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.06733/) (2023)
- [medXGAN: Visual Explanations for Medical Classifiers through a Generative Latent Space](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.05376/) (2022)
- [CLIPtone: Unsupervised Learning for Text-based Image Tone Adjustment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.01123/) (2024)
- [Make It So: Steering StyleGAN for Any Image Inversion and Editing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.14403/) (2023)
- [Intra- & Extra-Source Exemplar-Based Style Synthesis for Improved Domain Generalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.00648/) (2023)
- [E4S: Fine-grained Face Swapping via Editing With Regional GAN Inversion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.15081/) (2023)
- [EBDM: Exemplar-guided Image Translation with Brownian-bridge Diffusion Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.09802/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

For successful semantic editing of real images, it is critical for a GAN inversion method to find an in-domain latent code that aligns with the domain of a pre-trained GAN model. Unfortunately, such in-domain latent codes can be found only for in-range images that align with the training images of a GAN model. In this paper, we propose BDInvert, a novel GAN inversion approach to semantic editing of out-of-range images that are geometrically unaligned with the training images of a GAN model. To find a latent code that is semantically editable, BDInvert inverts an input out-of-range image into an alternative latent space than the original latent space. We also propose a regularized inversion method to find a solution that supports semantic editing in the alternative space. Our experiments show that BDInvert effectively supports semantic editing of out-of-range images with geometric transformations.