# Hope Speech detection in under-resourced Kannada language

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.04616 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.04616/

## Key facts

- Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 24 of its 87 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 10 Aug 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 24 of 24)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
- [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.04805/) (2018)
- [Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.6980/) (2014)
- [RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.11692/) (2019)
- [How multilingual is Multilingual BERT?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.01502/) (2019)
- [Bias in Bios: A Case Study of Semantic Representation Bias in a High-Stakes Setting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.09451/) (2019)
- [Mitigating Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing: Literature Review](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.08976/) (2019)
- [Racial Bias in Hate Speech and Abusive Language Detection Datasets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.12516/) (2019)
- [Deep Learning for Hate Speech Detection in Tweets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.00188/) (2017)
- [Getting Gender Right in Neural Machine Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.05088/) (2019)
- [Depression and Self-Harm Risk Assessment in Online Forums](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1709.01848/) (2017)
- [Corpus Creation for Sentiment Analysis in Code-Mixed Tamil-English Text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.00206/) (2020)
- [A Sentiment Analysis Dataset for Code-Mixed Malayalam-English](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.00210/) (2020)
- [Indic-Transformers: An Analysis of Transformer Language Models for Indian Languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.02323/) (2020)
- [Hope Speech Detection: A Computational Analysis of the Voice of Peace](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.12940/) (2019)
- [Voice for the Voiceless: Active Sampling to Detect Comments Supporting the Rohingyas](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.03206/) (2019)
- [NLP-CUET@LT-EDI-EACL2021: Multilingual Code-Mixed Hope Speech Detection using Cross-lingual Representation Learner](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.00464/) (2021)
- [IIITT@LT-EDI-EACL2021-Hope Speech Detection: There is always Hope in Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.09066/) (2021)
- [Harnessing Code Switching to Transcend the Linguistic Barrier](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.11258/) (2020)
- [Gender Bias, Social Bias and Representation: 70 Years of BHollywood](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.09103/) (2021)
- [Empathy and Hope: Resource Transfer to Model Inter-country Social Media Dynamics](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.12044/) (2021)
- [Social Media Attributions in the Context of Water Crisis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.01697/) (2020)
- [Affective Behaviour Analysis of On-line User Interactions: Are On-line Support Groups more Therapeutic than Twitter?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.01371/) (2019)
- [Exploring Polarization of Users Behavior on Twitter During the 2019 South American Protests](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.05611/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [Offensive Language Identification in Low-resourced Code-mixed Dravidian languages using Pseudo-labeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.12177/) (2021)
- [Beyond Monolingual Assumptions: A Survey of Code-Switched NLP in the Era of Large Language Models across Modalities](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.07037/) (2025)
- [IIITT@Dravidian-CodeMix-FIRE2021: Transliterate or translate? Sentiment analysis of code-mixed text in Dravidian languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.07906/) (2021)
- [Hope Speech Detection in code-mixed Roman Urdu tweets: A Positive Turn in Natural Language Processing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.21583/) (2025)
- [Findings of the Sentiment Analysis of Dravidian Languages in Code-Mixed Text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.09811/) (2021)
- [Pegasus@Dravidian-CodeMix-HASOC2021: Analyzing Social Media Content for Detection of Offensive Text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.09836/) (2021)
- [FineWeb-CLaR: Culture, Language, and Region Annotations for Benchmark-Aligned Corpus Auditing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.25298/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Numerous methods have been developed to monitor the spread of negativity in modern years by eliminating vulgar, offensive, and fierce comments from social media platforms. However, there are relatively lesser amounts of study that converges on embracing positivity, reinforcing supportive and reassuring content in online forums. Consequently, we propose creating an English-Kannada Hope speech dataset, KanHope and comparing several experiments to benchmark the dataset. The dataset consists of 6,176 user-generated comments in code mixed Kannada scraped from YouTube and manually annotated as bearing hope speech or Not-hope speech. In addition, we introduce DC-BERT4HOPE, a dual-channel model that uses the English translation of KanHope for additional training to promote hope speech detection. The approach achieves a weighted F1-score of 0.756, bettering other models. Henceforth, KanHope aims to instigate research in Kannada while broadly promoting researchers to take a pragmatic approach towards online content that encourages, positive, and supportive.