# Medical Instrument Segmentation in 3D US by Hybrid Constrained Semi-Supervised Learning

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.14476 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.14476/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 23 of its 34 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 30 Jul 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 23 of 23)

- [Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.6980/) (2014)
- [U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1505.04597/) (2015)
- [A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.05709/) (2020)
- [Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1503.02531/) (2015)
- [Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1506.01497/) (2015)
- [SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detector](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.02325/) (2015)
- [What Uncertainties Do We Need in Bayesian Deep Learning for Computer Vision?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.04977/) (2017)
- [A Survey on Deep Learning in Medical Image Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1702.05747/) (2017)
- [Generalised Dice overlap as a deep learning loss function for highly unbalanced segmentations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1707.03237/) (2017)
- [Mean teachers are better role models: Weight-averaged consistency targets improve semi-supervised deep learning results](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.01780/) (2017)
- [Uncertainty-aware Self-ensembling Model for Semi-supervised 3D Left Atrium Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.07034/) (2019)
- [Knowledge Distillation and Student-Teacher Learning for Visual Intelligence: A Review and New Outlooks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.05937/) (2020)
- [Med3D: Transfer Learning for 3D Medical Image Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.00625/) (2019)
- [Latent Space Oddity: on the Curvature of Deep Generative Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1710.11379/) (2017)
- [Transformation Consistent Self-ensembling Model for Semi-supervised Medical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.00348/) (2019)
- [Dual Student: Breaking the Limits of the Teacher in Semi-supervised Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.01804/) (2019)
- [Self-supervised Feature Learning for 3D Medical Images by Playing a Rubik's Cube](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.02241/) (2019)
- [Semi-supervised Medical Image Classification with Relation-driven Self-ensembling Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.07377/) (2020)
- [Multi-Task Attention-Based Semi-Supervised Learning for Medical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.12303/) (2019)
- [Deep Semi-supervised Knowledge Distillation for Overlapping Cervical Cell Instance Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.10787/) (2020)
- [Uncertainty guided semi-supervised segmentation of retinal layers in OCT images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.02083/) (2021)
- [Deep Q Learning Driven CT Pancreas Segmentation with Geometry-Aware U-Net](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.09120/) (2019)
- [Deep Q-Network-Driven Catheter Segmentation in 3D US by Hybrid Constrained Semi-Supervised Learning and Dual-UNet](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.14702/) (2020)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Learning with Limited Annotations: A Survey on Deep Semi-Supervised Learning for Medical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.14191/) (2022)
- [Graph Flow: Cross-layer Graph Flow Distillation for Dual Efficient Medical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.08667/) (2022)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Medical instrument segmentation in 3D ultrasound is essential for image-guided intervention. However, to train a successful deep neural network for instrument segmentation, a large number of labeled images are required, which is expensive and time-consuming to obtain. In this article, we propose a semi-supervised learning (SSL) framework for instrument segmentation in 3D US, which requires much less annotation effort than the existing methods. To achieve the SSL learning, a Dual-UNet is proposed to segment the instrument. The Dual-UNet leverages unlabeled data using a novel hybrid loss function, consisting of uncertainty and contextual constraints. Specifically, the uncertainty constraints leverage the uncertainty estimation of the predictions of the UNet, and therefore improve the unlabeled information for SSL training. In addition, contextual constraints exploit the contextual information of the training images, which are used as the complementary information for voxel-wise uncertainty estimation. Extensive experiments on multiple ex-vivo and in-vivo datasets show that our proposed method achieves Dice score of about 68.6%-69.1% and the inference time of about 1 sec. per volume. These results are better than the state-of-the-art SSL methods and the inference time is comparable to the supervised approaches.