# A Similarity Measure of Histopathology Images by Deep Embeddings

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.13703 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.13703/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 5 of its 18 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 29 Jul 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 5 of 5)

- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [Yottixel -- An Image Search Engine for Large Archives of Histopathology Whole Slide Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.08748/) (2019)
- [Medical Image Retrieval using Deep Convolutional Neural Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.08472/) (2017)
- [Self-Supervised Similarity Learning for Digital Pathology](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.08139/) (2019)
- [Classification and Retrieval of Digital Pathology Scans: A New Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1705.07522/) (2017)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [PathoHR: Breast Cancer Survival Prediction on High-Resolution Pathological Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.17970/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Histopathology digital scans are large-size images that contain valuable information at the pixel level. Content-based comparison of these images is a challenging task. This study proposes a content-based similarity measure for high-resolution gigapixel histopathology images. The proposed similarity measure is an expansion of cosine vector similarity to a matrix. Each image is divided into same-size patches with a meaningful amount of information (i.e., contained enough tissue). The similarity is measured by the extraction of patch-level deep embeddings of the last pooling layer of a pre-trained deep model at four different magnification levels, namely, 1x, 2.5x, 5x, and 10x magnifications. In addition, for faster measurement, embedding reduction is investigated. Finally, to assess the proposed method, an image search method is implemented. Results show that the similarity measure represents the slide labels with a maximum accuracy of 93.18% for top-5 search at 5x magnification.