# Algorithmic Causal Effect Identification with causaleffect

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.04632 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.04632/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 2 of its 18 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 9 Jul 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Causal Networks: Semantics and Expressiveness](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1304.2379/) (2013)
- [Identifying Causal Effects with the R Package causaleffect](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1806.07161/) (2018)

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Practical do-Shapley Explanations with Estimand-Agnostic Causal Inference](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.20211/) (2025)
- [A Causal Research Pipeline and Tutorial for Psychologists and Social Scientists](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.05175/) (2022)
- [Causal identification with Y0](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.03167/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Our evolution as a species made a huge step forward when we understood the relationships between causes and effects. These associations may be trivial for some events, but they are not in complex scenarios. To rigorously prove that some occurrences are caused by others, causal theory and causal inference were formalized, introducing the do-operator and its associated rules. The main goal of this report is to review and implement in Python some algorithms to compute conditional and non-conditional causal queries from observational data. To this end, we first present some basic background knowledge on probability and graph theory, before introducing important results on causal theory, used in the construction of the algorithms. We then thoroughly study the identification algorithms presented by Shpitser and Pearl in 2006, explaining our implementation in Python alongside. The main identification algorithm can be seen as a repeated application of the rules of do-calculus, and it eventually either returns an expression for the causal query from experimental probabilities or fails to identify the causal effect, in which case the effect is non-identifiable. We introduce our newly developed Python library and give some usage examples.