# Comparison of end-to-end neural network architectures and data augmentation methods for automatic infant motility assessment using wearable sensors

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.01086 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.01086/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 8 of its 24 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 2 Jul 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 8 of 8)

- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.6980/) (2014)
- [Representation Learning with Contrastive Predictive Coding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.03748/) (2018)
- [WaveNet: A Generative Model for Raw Audio](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1609.03499/) (2016)
- [On the Properties of Neural Machine Translation: Encoder-Decoder Approaches](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.1259/) (2014)
- [Deep Learning for Sensor-based Activity Recognition: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1707.03502/) (2017)
- [Data Augmentation of Wearable Sensor Data for Parkinson's Disease Monitoring using Convolutional Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.00527/) (2017)
- [Automatic Posture and Movement Tracking of Infants with Wearable Movement Sensors](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.09823/) (2019)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Evaluation of self-supervised pre-training for automatic infant movement classification using wearable movement sensors](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.09366/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Infant motility assessment using intelligent wearables is a promising new approach for assessment of infant neurophysiological development, and where efficient signal analysis plays a central role. This study investigates the use of different end-to-end neural network architectures for processing infant motility data from wearable sensors. We focus on the performance and computational burden of alternative sensor encoder and time-series modelling modules and their combinations. In addition, we explore the benefits of data augmentation methods in ideal and non-ideal recording conditions. The experiments are conducted using a data-set of multi-sensor movement recordings from 7-month-old infants, as captured by a recently proposed smart jumpsuit for infant motility assessment. Our results indicate that the choice of the encoder module has a major impact on classifier performance. For sensor encoders, the best performance was obtained with parallel 2-dimensional convolutions for intra-sensor channel fusion with shared weights for all sensors. The results also indicate that a relatively compact feature representation is obtainable for within-sensor feature extraction without a drastic loss to classifier performance. Comparison of time-series models revealed that feed-forward dilated convolutions with residual and skip connections outperformed all RNN-based models in performance, training time, and training stability. The experiments also indicate that data augmentation improves model robustness in simulated packet loss or sensor dropout scenarios. In particular, signal- and sensor-dropout-based augmentation strategies provided considerable boosts to performance without negatively affecting the baseline performance. Overall the results provide tangible suggestions on how to optimize end-to-end neural network training for multi-channel movement sensor data.