# "Part Man, Part Machine, All Cop": Automation in Policing

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.12794 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.12794/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 4 of its 81 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 24 Jun 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [Fair prediction with disparate impact: A study of bias in recidivism prediction instruments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1610.07524/) (2016)
- [A Case for Humans-in-the-Loop: Decisions in the Presence of Erroneous Algorithmic Scores](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.08035/) (2020)
- [The age of secrecy and unfairness in recidivism prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1811.00731/) (2018)
- [Ich weiss, was du n"achsten Sommer getan haben wirst: Predictive Policing in "Osterreich](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.00934/) (2019)

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Towards Resilient Artificial Intelligence: Survey and Research Issues](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.08904/) (2021)
- [Wer ist schuld, wenn Algorithmen irren? Entscheidungsautomatisierung, Organisationen und Verantwortung](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.10479/) (2022)
- ["Sch"one neue Lieferkettenwelt": Workers' Voice und Arbeitsstandards in Zeiten algorithmischer Vorhersage](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.11981/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Digitisation, automation and datafication permeate policing and justice more and more each year -- from predictive policing methods through recidivism prediction to automated biometric identification at the border. The sociotechnical issues surrounding the use of such systems raise questions and reveal problems, both old and new. Our article reviews contemporary issues surrounding automation in policing and the legal system, finds common issues and themes in various different examples, introduces the distinction between human "retail bias" and algorithmic "wholesale bias", and argues for shifting the viewpoint on the debate to focus on both workers' rights and organisational responsibility as well as fundamental rights and the right to an effective remedy.