# CLIP2Video: Mastering Video-Text Retrieval via Image CLIP

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.11097 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.11097/

## Key facts

- Cited by 225 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 36 of its 44 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 21 Jun 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 36)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
- [Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.00020/) (2021)
- [An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.11929/) (2020)
- [Layer Normalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1607.06450/) (2016)
- [Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Units](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1508.07909/) (2015)
- [SlowFast Networks for Video Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.03982/) (2018)
- [Is Space-Time Attention All You Need for Video Understanding?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.05095/) (2021)
- [ViViT: A Video Vision Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.15691/) (2021)
- [Frozen in Time: A Joint Video and Image Encoder for End-to-End Retrieval](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.00650/) (2021)
- [HowTo100M: Learning a Text-Video Embedding by Watching Hundred Million Narrated Video Clips](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.03327/) (2019)
- [NetVLAD: CNN architecture for weakly supervised place recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1511.07247/) (2015)
- [Localizing Moments in Video with Natural Language](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1708.01641/) (2017)
- [CLIP4Clip: An Empirical Study of CLIP for End to End Video Clip Retrieval](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.08860/) (2021)
- [End-to-End Learning of Visual Representations from Uncurated Instructional Videos](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.06430/) (2019)
- [Less is More: ClipBERT for Video-and-Language Learning via Sparse Sampling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.06183/) (2021)
- [VATEX: A Large-Scale, High-Quality Multilingual Dataset for Video-and-Language Research](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.03493/) (2019)
- [Multi-modal Transformer for Video Retrieval](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.10639/) (2020)
- [ActBERT: Learning Global-Local Video-Text Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.07231/) (2020)
- [UniVL: A Unified Video and Language Pre-Training Model for Multimodal Understanding and Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.06353/) (2020)
- [Use What You Have: Video Retrieval Using Representations From Collaborative Experts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.13487/) (2019)
- [A Joint Sequence Fusion Model for Video Question Answering and Retrieval](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1808.02559/) (2018)
- [Unifying Visual-Semantic Embeddings with Multimodal Neural Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1411.2539/) (2014)
- [Fine-grained Video-Text Retrieval with Hierarchical Graph Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.00392/) (2020)
- [Support-set bottlenecks for video-text representation learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.02824/) (2020)
- [Learning a Text-Video Embedding from Incomplete and Heterogeneous Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.02516/) (2018)
- [Cross-Modal and Hierarchical Modeling of Video and Text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.07212/) (2018)
- [An Image is Worth 16x16 Words, What is a Video Worth?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.13915/) (2021)
- [HiT: Hierarchical Transformer with Momentum Contrast for Video-Text Retrieval](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.15049/) (2021)
- [Dual Encoding for Zero-Example Video Retrieval](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.06181/) (2018)
- [MDMMT: Multidomain Multimodal Transformer for Video Retrieval](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.10699/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 225)

- [ImageBind: One Embedding Space To Bind Them All](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.05665/) (2023)
- [Socratic Models: Composing Zero-Shot Multimodal Reasoning with Language](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.00598/) (2022)
- [MotionCLIP: Exposing Human Motion Generation to CLIP Space](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.08063/) (2022)
- [Multimodal Learning with Transformers: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.06488/) (2022)
- [CRIS: CLIP-Driven Referring Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.15174/) (2021)
- [ActionCLIP: A New Paradigm for Video Action Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.08472/) (2021)
- [Learning to Prompt for Open-Vocabulary Object Detection with Vision-Language Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.14940/) (2022)
- [MM-LLMs: Recent Advances in MultiModal Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.13601/) (2024)
- [CLIP-Forge: Towards Zero-Shot Text-to-Shape Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.02624/) (2021)
- [Self-Chained Image-Language Model for Video Localization and Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.06988/) (2023)
- [Point-Bind & Point-LLM: Aligning Point Cloud with Multi-modality for 3D Understanding, Generation, and Instruction Following](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.00615/) (2023)
- [Simple but Effective: CLIP Embeddings for Embodied AI](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.09888/) (2021)
- [Frozen CLIP Models are Efficient Video Learners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.03550/) (2022)
- [VLP: A Survey on Vision-Language Pre-training](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.09061/) (2022)
- [LongVLM: Efficient Long Video Understanding via Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.03384/) (2024)
- [VidProM: A Million-scale Real Prompt-Gallery Dataset for Text-to-Video Diffusion Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.06098/) (2024)
- [Uni-Perceiver: Pre-training Unified Architecture for Generic Perception for Zero-shot and Few-shot Tasks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.01522/) (2021)
- [Language Models with Image Descriptors are Strong Few-Shot Video-Language Learners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.10747/) (2022)
- [Improving Video-Text Retrieval by Multi-Stream Corpus Alignment and Dual Softmax Loss](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.04290/) (2021)
- [Foundational Models Defining a New Era in Vision: A Survey and Outlook](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.13721/) (2023)
- [VideoPrism: A Foundational Visual Encoder for Video Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.13217/) (2024)
- [TS2-Net: Token Shift and Selection Transformer for Text-Video Retrieval](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.07852/) (2022)
- [CelebV-Text: A Large-Scale Facial Text-Video Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.14717/) (2023)
- ["This is my unicorn, Fluffy": Personalizing frozen vision-language representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.01694/) (2022)
- [Cap4Video: What Can Auxiliary Captions Do for Text-Video Retrieval?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.00184/) (2022)
- [CLOOB: Modern Hopfield Networks with InfoLOOB Outperform CLIP](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.11316/) (2021)
- [Learning Audio-Video Modalities from Image Captions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.00679/) (2022)
- [CLIP-Driven Fine-grained Text-Image Person Re-identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.10276/) (2022)
- [Disentangled Representation Learning for Text-Video Retrieval](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.07111/) (2022)
- [CLIP-ViP: Adapting Pre-trained Image-Text Model to Video-Language Representation Alignment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.06430/) (2022)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We present CLIP2Video network to transfer the image-language pre-training model to video-text retrieval in an end-to-end manner. Leading approaches in the domain of video-and-language learning try to distill the spatio-temporal video features and multi-modal interaction between videos and languages from a large-scale video-text dataset. Different from them, we leverage pretrained image-language model, simplify it as a two-stage framework with co-learning of image-text and enhancing temporal relations between video frames and video-text respectively, make it able to train on comparatively small datasets. Specifically, based on the spatial semantics captured by Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining (CLIP) model, our model involves a Temporal Difference Block to capture motions at fine temporal video frames, and a Temporal Alignment Block to re-align the tokens of video clips and phrases and enhance the multi-modal correlation. We conduct thorough ablation studies, and achieve state-of-the-art performance on major text-to-video and video-to-text retrieval benchmarks, including new records of retrieval accuracy on MSR-VTT, MSVD and VATEX.