# SoK: Oracles from the Ground Truth to Market Manipulation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.00667 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.00667/

## Key facts

- Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 1 Jun 2021.

## Built on by (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [New Bounds on the Accuracy of Majority Voting for Multi-Class Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.09564/) (2023)
- [Game of Coding: Sybil Resistant Decentralized Machine Learning with Minimal Trust Assumption](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.05540/) (2024)
- [Do not rug on me: Zero-dimensional Scam Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.07220/) (2022)
- [AiRacleX: Automated Detection of Price Oracle Manipulations via LLM-Driven Knowledge Mining and Prompt Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.06348/) (2025)
- [The Design Principle of Blockchain: An Initiative for the SoK of SoKs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.00479/) (2023)
- [Can Artificial Intelligence solve the blockchain oracle problem? Unpacking the Challenges and Possibilities](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.02125/) (2025)
- [ClawCoin: An Agentic AI-Native Cryptocurrency for Decentralized Agent Economies](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.19026/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

One fundamental limitation of blockchain-based smart contracts is that they execute in a closed environment. Thus, they only have access to data and functionality that is already on the blockchain, or is fed into the blockchain. Any interactions with the real world need to be mediated by a bridge service, which is called an oracle. As decentralized applications mature, oracles are playing an increasingly prominent role. With their evolution comes more attacks, necessitating greater attention to their trust model. In this systemization of knowledge paper (SoK), we dissect the design alternatives for oracles, showcase attacks, and discuss attack mitigation strategies.