# MMV-Net: A Multiple Measurement Vector Network for Multi-frequency Electrical Impedance Tomography

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.12474 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.12474/

## Key facts

- Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 26 May 2021.

## Built on by (most cited first, 8 of 8)

- [Multi-frequency Electrical Impedance Tomography Reconstruction with Multi-Branch Attention Image Prior](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.10794/) (2024)
- [Electrical Impedance Tomography: A Fair Comparative Study on Deep Learning and Analytic-based Approaches](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.18636/) (2023)
- [A Learning-Based 3D EIT Image Reconstruction Method](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.14449/) (2022)
- [Graph convolutional networks enable fast hemorrhagic stroke monitoring with electrical impedance tomography](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.07888/) (2024)
- [QuantEIT: Ultra-Lightweight Quantum-Assisted Inference for Chest Electrical Impedance Tomography](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.14031/) (2025)
- [D2IP: Deep Dynamic Image Prior for 3D Time-sequence Pulmonary Impedance Imaging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.14046/) (2025)
- [Deep Unfolding Network for Nonlinear Multi-Frequency Electrical Impedance Tomography](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.16678/) (2025)
- [Tuning-Free Structured Sparse Recovery of Multiple Measurement Vectors using Implicit Regularization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.03393/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Multi-frequency Electrical Impedance Tomography (mfEIT) is an emerging biomedical imaging modality to reveal frequency-dependent conductivity distributions in biomedical applications. Conventional model-based image reconstruction methods suffer from low spatial resolution, unconstrained frequency correlation and high computational cost. Deep learning has been extensively applied in solving the EIT inverse problem in biomedical and industrial process imaging. However, most existing learning-based approaches deal with the single-frequency setup, which is inefficient and ineffective when extended to address the multi-frequency setup. In this paper, we present a Multiple Measurement Vector (MMV) model based learning algorithm named MMV-Net to solve the mfEIT image reconstruction problem. MMV-Net takes into account the correlations between mfEIT images and unfolds the update steps of the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) for the MMV problem. The non-linear shrinkage operator associated with the weighted l2_1 regularization term is generalized with a cascade of a Spatial Self-Attention module and a Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (ConvLSTM) module to capture intra- and inter-frequency dependencies. The proposed MMVNet was validated on our Edinburgh mfEIT Dataset and a series of comprehensive experiments. All reconstructed results show superior image quality, convergence performance and noise robustness against the state of the art.