# dualFace:Two-Stage Drawing Guidance for Freehand Portrait Sketching

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.12297 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.12297/

## Key facts

- Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 17 of its 44 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 26 Apr 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 17 of 17)

- [Encoding in Style: a StyleGAN Encoder for Image-to-Image Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.00951/) (2020)
- [Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.10593/) (2017)
- [BiSeNet: Bilateral Segmentation Network for Real-time Semantic Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1808.00897/) (2018)
- [MaskGAN: Towards Diverse and Interactive Facial Image Manipulation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.11922/) (2019)
- [Generative Visual Manipulation on the Natural Image Manifold](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1609.03552/) (2016)
- [Visual Attribute Transfer through Deep Image Analogy](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1705.01088/) (2017)
- [Combining Markov Random Fields and Convolutional Neural Networks for Image Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1601.04589/) (2016)
- [Deep Sketch Hashing: Fast Free-hand Sketch-Based Image Retrieval](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.05605/) (2017)
- [Interactive Sketch & Fill: Multiclass Sketch-to-Image Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.11081/) (2019)
- [Deep Plastic Surgery: Robust and Controllable Image Editing with Human-Drawn Sketches](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.02890/) (2020)
- [Deep Generation of Face Images from Sketches](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.01047/) (2020)
- [FaceShop: Deep Sketch-based Face Image Editing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.08972/) (2018)
- [LinesToFacePhoto: Face Photo Generation from Lines with Conditional Self-Attention Generative Adversarial Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.08914/) (2019)
- [Smart, Sparse Contours to Represent and Edit Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1712.08232/) (2017)
- [DeepFacePencil: Creating Face Images from Freehand Sketches](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.13343/) (2020)
- [Modeling Artistic Workflows for Image Generation and Editing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.07238/) (2020)
- [Sketch-based Normal Map Generation with Geometric Sampling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.11554/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 8 of 8)

- [Draw Your Art Dream: Diverse Digital Art Synthesis with Multimodal Guided Diffusion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.13360/) (2022)
- [Inkspire: Supporting Design Exploration with Generative AI through Analogical Sketching](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.18588/) (2025)
- [Sketch2Cloth: Sketch-based 3D Garment Generation with Unsigned Distance Fields](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.00167/) (2023)
- [Computational Scaffolding of Composition, Value, and Color for Disciplined Drawing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.17268/) (2025)
- [Stroke Correspondence by Labeling Closed Areas](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.04393/) (2021)
- [Interactive 3D Character Modeling from 2D Orthogonal Drawings with Annotations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.11284/) (2022)
- [SGDraw: Scene Graph Drawing Interface Using Object-Oriented Representation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.16697/) (2022)
- [Interactive Drawing Guidance for Anime Illustrations with Diffusion Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.09140/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper, we propose dualFace, a portrait drawing interface to assist users with different levels of drawing skills to complete recognizable and authentic face sketches. dualFace consists of two-stage drawing assistance to provide global and local visual guidance: global guidance, which helps users draw contour lines of portraits (i.e., geometric structure), and local guidance, which helps users draws details of facial parts (which conform to user-drawn contour lines), inspired by traditional artist workflows in portrait drawing. In the stage of global guidance, the user draws several contour lines, and dualFace then searches several relevant images from an internal database and displays the suggested face contour lines over the background of the canvas. In the stage of local guidance, we synthesize detailed portrait images with a deep generative model from user-drawn contour lines, but use the synthesized results as detailed drawing guidance. We conducted a user study to verify the effectiveness of dualFace, and we confirmed that dualFace significantly helps achieve a detailed portrait sketch. see http://www.jaist.ac.jp/~xie/dualface.html