# MLF-SC: Incorporating multi-layer features to sparse coding for anomaly detection

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.04289 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.04289/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 4 of its 19 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 9 Apr 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.1556/) (2014)
- [ImageNet-trained CNNs are biased towards texture; increasing shape bias improves accuracy and robustness](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1811.12231/) (2018)
- [Unsupervised Anomaly Detection with Generative Adversarial Networks to Guide Marker Discovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.05921/) (2017)
- [Improving Unsupervised Defect Segmentation by Applying Structural Similarity to Autoencoders](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.02011/) (2018)

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Deep Learning for Unsupervised Anomaly Localization in Industrial Images: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.10298/) (2022)
- [Anomaly Detection in Retinal Images using Multi-Scale Deep Feature Sparse Coding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.11506/) (2022)
- [Self-Supervised Texture Image Anomaly Detection By Fusing Normalizing Flow and Dictionary Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.07005/) (2022)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Anomalies in images occur in various scales from a small hole on a carpet to a large stain. However, anomaly detection based on sparse coding, one of the widely used anomaly detection methods, has an issue in dealing with anomalies that are out of the patch size employed to sparsely represent images. A large anomaly can be considered normal if seen in a small scale, but it is not easy to determine a single scale (patch size) that works well for all images. Then, we propose to incorporate multi-scale features to sparse coding and improve the performance of anomaly detection. The proposed method, multi-layer feature sparse coding (MLF-SC), employs a neural network for feature extraction, and feature maps from intermediate layers of the network are given to sparse coding, whereas the standard sparse-coding-based anomaly detection method directly works on given images. We show that MLF-SC outperforms state-of-the-art anomaly detection methods including those employing deep learning. Our target data are the texture categories of the MVTec Anomaly Detection (MVTec AD) dataset, which is a modern benchmark dataset consisting of images from the real world. Our idea can be a simple and practical option to deal with practical data.