# Generalized Spoofing Detection Inspired from Audio Generation Artifacts

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.04111 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.04111/

## Key facts

- Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 8 Apr 2021.

## Built on by (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [MAVOS-DD: Multilingual Audio-Video Open-Set Deepfake Detection Benchmark](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.11109/) (2025)
- [Fake Artificial Intelligence Generated Contents (FAIGC): A Survey of Theories, Detection Methods, and Opportunities](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.00711/) (2024)
- [Combining Automatic Speaker Verification and Prosody Analysis for Synthetic Speech Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.17222/) (2022)
- [Towards Attention-based Contrastive Learning for Audio Spoof Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.03514/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

State-of-the-art methods for audio generation suffer from fingerprint artifacts and repeated inconsistencies across temporal and spectral domains. Such artifacts could be well captured by the frequency domain analysis over the spectrogram. Thus, we propose a novel use of long-range spectro-temporal modulation feature -- 2D DCT over log-Mel spectrogram for the audio deepfake detection. We show that this feature works better than log-Mel spectrogram, CQCC, MFCC, as a suitable candidate to capture such artifacts. We employ spectrum augmentation and feature normalization to decrease overfitting and bridge the gap between training and test dataset along with this novel feature introduction. We developed a CNN-based baseline that achieved a 0.0849 t-DCF and outperformed the previously top single systems reported in the ASVspoof 2019 challenge. Finally, by combining our baseline with our proposed 2D DCT spectro-temporal feature, we decrease the t-DCF score down by 14% to 0.0737, making it a state-of-the-art system for spoofing detection. Furthermore, we evaluate our model using two external datasets, showing the proposed feature's generalization ability. We also provide analysis and ablation studies for our proposed feature and results.