# Learning Domain Invariant Representations for Generalizable Person Re-Identification

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.15890 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.15890/

## Key facts

- Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 67 of its 106 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 29 Mar 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 67)

- [mixup: Beyond Empirical Risk Minimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1710.09412/) (2017)
- [MobileNetV2: Inverted Residuals and Linear Bottlenecks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.04381/) (2018)
- [Unsupervised Domain Adaptation by Backpropagation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.7495/) (2014)
- [Invariant Risk Minimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.02893/) (2019)
- [The Many Faces of Robustness: A Critical Analysis of Out-of-Distribution Generalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.16241/) (2020)
- [Distributionally Robust Neural Networks for Group Shifts: On the Importance of Regularization for Worst-Case Generalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.08731/) (2019)
- [In Search of Lost Domain Generalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.01434/) (2020)
- [When Does Label Smoothing Help?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.02629/) (2019)
- [Deep Learning for Person Re-identification: A Survey and Outlook](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.04193/) (2020)
- [f-GAN: Training Generative Neural Samplers using Variational Divergence Minimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1606.00709/) (2016)
- [Beyond Part Models: Person Retrieval with Refined Part Pooling (and a Strong Convolutional Baseline)](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.09349/) (2017)
- [Two at Once: Enhancing Learning and Generalization Capacities via IBN-Net](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.09441/) (2018)
- [Learning to Generate Novel Domains for Domain Generalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.03304/) (2020)
- [Unlabeled Samples Generated by GAN Improve the Person Re-identification Baseline in vitro](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1701.07717/) (2017)
- [Generalizing Across Domains via Cross-Gradient Training](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.10745/) (2018)
- [The Risks of Invariant Risk Minimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.05761/) (2020)
- [Long-Tailed Classification by Keeping the Good and Removing the Bad Momentum Causal Effect](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.12991/) (2020)
- [Domain Generalization for Object Recognition with Multi-task Autoencoders](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1508.07680/) (2015)
- [Causal Intervention for Weakly-Supervised Semantic Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.12547/) (2020)
- [Mutual Mean-Teaching: Pseudo Label Refinery for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation on Person Re-identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.01526/) (2020)
- [Joint Discriminative and Generative Learning for Person Re-identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.07223/) (2019)
- [Towards Causal Representation Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.11107/) (2021)
- [Representation Learning via Invariant Causal Mechanisms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.07922/) (2020)
- [Domain-Specific Batch Normalization for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.03950/) (2019)
- [Joint Detection and Identification Feature Learning for Person Search](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1604.01850/) (2016)
- [Invariant Risk Minimization Games](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.04692/) (2020)
- [Beyond triplet loss: a deep quadruplet network for person re-identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1704.01719/) (2017)
- [Image-Image Domain Adaptation with Preserved Self-Similarity and Domain-Dissimilarity for Person Re-identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.07027/) (2017)
- [Style Normalization and Restitution for Generalizable Person Re-identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.11037/) (2020)
- [Domain Adaptation by Using Causal Inference to Predict Invariant Conditional Distributions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1707.06422/) (2017)

## Built on by (most cited first, 22 of 22)

- [OneNet: Enhancing Time Series Forecasting Models under Concept Drift by Online Ensembling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.12659/) (2023)
- [AdaNPC: Exploring Non-Parametric Classifier for Test-Time Adaptation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.12566/) (2023)
- [Deep Frequency Filtering for Domain Generalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.12198/) (2022)
- [Free Lunch for Domain Adversarial Training: Environment Label Smoothing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.00194/) (2023)
- [Domain-Specific Risk Minimization for Out-of-Distribution Generalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.08661/) (2022)
- [Domain Generalization -- A Causal Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.15177/) (2022)
- [Identity-Seeking Self-Supervised Representation Learning for Generalizable Person Re-identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.08887/) (2023)
- [Debiased Batch Normalization via Gaussian Process for Generalizable Person Re-Identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.01723/) (2022)
- [DEX: Domain Embedding Expansion for Generalized Person Re-identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.11391/) (2021)
- [Generalizable Person Re-identification via Balancing Alignment and Uniformity](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.11471/) (2024)
- [Unleashing the Potential of Pre-Trained Diffusion Models for Generalizable Person Re-Identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.06619/) (2025)
- [Causal Clothes-Invariant Feature Learning for Cloth-Changing Person Re-ID](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.06145/) (2023)
- [A Unified Deep Semantic Expansion Framework for Domain-Generalized Person Re-identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.08456/) (2024)
- [Feature-Distribution Perturbation and Calibration for Generalized Person ReID](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.11197/) (2022)
- [Calibrated Feature Decomposition for Generalizable Person Re-Identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.13945/) (2021)
- [Adaptive Domain-Specific Normalization for Generalizable Person Re-Identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.03042/) (2021)
- [Camera-Invariant Meta-Learning Network for Single-Camera-Training Person Re-identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.14797/) (2024)
- [Causality and "In-the-Wild" Video-Based Person Re-ID: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.20540/) (2025)
- [PCD-ReID: Occluded Person Re-Identification for Base Station Inspection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.01546/) (2025)
- [Dual-level Modality Debiasing Learning for Unsupervised Visible-Infrared Person Re-Identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.03745/) (2025)
- [FedBPrompt: Federated Domain Generalization Person Re-Identification via Body Distribution Aware Visual Prompts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.12912/) (2026)
- [Multi-Grained Vision-Language Alignment for Domain Generalized Person Re-Identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.14012/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Generalizable person Re-Identification (ReID) has attracted growing attention in recent computer vision community. In this work, we construct a structural causal model among identity labels, identity-specific factors (clothes/shoes color etc), and domain-specific factors (background, viewpoints etc). According to the causal analysis, we propose a novel Domain Invariant Representation Learning for generalizable person Re-Identification (DIR-ReID) framework. Specifically, we first propose to disentangle the identity-specific and domain-specific feature spaces, based on which we propose an effective algorithmic implementation for backdoor adjustment, essentially serving as a causal intervention towards the SCM. Extensive experiments have been conducted, showing that DIR-ReID outperforms state-of-the-art methods on large-scale domain generalization ReID benchmarks.