# Comprehensive process-molten pool relations modeling using CNN for wire-feed laser additive manufacturing

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.11588 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.11588/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 3 of its 58 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 22 Mar 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1502.03167/) (2015)
- [Why and When Can Deep -- but Not Shallow -- Networks Avoid the Curse of Dimensionality: a Review](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1611.00740/) (2016)
- [A Physics-Informed Machine Learning Model for Porosity Analysis in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.05605/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [JEMA: A Joint Embedding Framework for Scalable Co-Learning with Multimodal Alignment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.23988/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Wire-feed laser additive manufacturing (WLAM) is gaining wide interest due to its high level of automation, high deposition rates, and good quality of printed parts. In-process monitoring and feedback controls that would reduce the uncertainty in the quality of the material are in the early stages of development. Machine learning promises the ability to accelerate the adoption of new processes and property design in additive manufacturing by making process-structure-property connections between process setting inputs and material quality outcomes. The molten pool dimensional information and temperature are the indicators for achieving the high quality of the build, which can be directly controlled by processing parameters. For the purpose of in situ quality control, the process parameters should be controlled in real-time based on sensed information from the process, in particular the molten pool. Thus, the molten pool-process relations are of preliminary importance. This paper analyzes experimentally collected in situ sensing data from the molten pool under a set of controlled process parameters in a WLAM system. The variations in the steady-state and transient state of the molten pool are presented with respect to the change of independent process parameters. A multi-modality convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture is proposed for predicting the control parameter directly from the measurable molten pool sensor data for achieving desired geometric and microstructural properties. Dropout and regularization are applied to the CNN architecture to avoid the problem of overfitting. The results highlighted that the multi-modal CNN, which receives temperature profile as an external feature to the features extracted from the image data, has improved prediction performance compared to the image-based uni-modality CNN approach.