# A Large-scale Dataset for Hate Speech Detection on Vietnamese Social Media Texts

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.11528 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.11528/

## Key facts

- Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 13 of its 34 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 22 Mar 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 13 of 13)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
- [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.04805/) (2018)
- [DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.01108/) (2019)
- [Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical Machine Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1406.1078/) (2014)
- [Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.02116/) (2019)
- [Convolutional Neural Networks for Sentence Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1408.5882/) (2014)
- [Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Language](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.04009/) (2017)
- [Learning Word Vectors for 157 Languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1802.06893/) (2018)
- [Predicting the Type and Target of Offensive Posts in Social Media](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1902.09666/) (2019)
- [Deep Learning for Hate Speech Detection in Tweets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.00188/) (2017)
- [CONAN -- COunter NArratives through Nichesourcing: a Multilingual Dataset of Responses to Fight Online Hate Speech](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.03270/) (2019)
- [HSD Shared Task in VLSP Campaign 2019:Hate Speech Detection for Social Good](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.06493/) (2020)
- [A Simple and Efficient Ensemble Classifier Combining Multiple Neural Network Models on Social Media Datasets in Vietnamese](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.13060/) (2020)

## Built on by (most cited first, 25 of 25)

- [SEA-HELM: Southeast Asian Holistic Evaluation of Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.14301/) (2025)
- [BHASA: A Holistic Southeast Asian Linguistic and Cultural Evaluation Suite for Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.06085/) (2023)
- [ViHOS: Hate Speech Spans Detection for Vietnamese](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.10186/) (2023)
- [ViSoBERT: A Pre-Trained Language Model for Vietnamese Social Media Text Processing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.11166/) (2023)
- [SGHateCheck: Functional Tests for Detecting Hate Speech in Low-Resource Languages of Singapore](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.01842/) (2024)
- [Vietnamese Hate and Offensive Detection using PhoBERT-CNN and Social Media Streaming Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.00524/) (2022)
- [Cyberbullying Detection for Low-resource Languages and Dialects: Review of the State of the Art](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.15745/) (2023)
- [SMTCE: A Social Media Text Classification Evaluation Benchmark and BERTology Models for Vietnamese](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.10482/) (2022)
- [A Graph-Based Context-Aware Model to Understand Online Conversations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.09207/) (2022)
- [Crossing Linguistic Horizons: Finetuning and Comprehensive Evaluation of Vietnamese Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.02715/) (2024)
- [Vietnamese Complaint Detection on E-Commerce Websites](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.11969/) (2021)
- [Hate Speech Detection in Limited Data Contexts using Synthetic Data Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.02876/) (2023)
- [ViHateT5: Enhancing Hate Speech Detection in Vietnamese With A Unified Text-to-Text Transformer Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.14141/) (2024)
- [Improving Sentiment Analysis By Emotion Lexicon Approach on Vietnamese Texts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.02063/) (2022)
- [A Survey on Automatic Online Hate Speech Detection in Low-Resource Languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.19017/) (2024)
- [SEA-BED: How Do Embedding Models Represent Southeast Asian Languages?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.12243/) (2025)
- [Automatic Textual Normalization for Hate Speech Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.06851/) (2023)
- [ViLexNorm: A Lexical Normalization Corpus for Vietnamese Social Media Text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.16403/) (2024)
- [A Weakly Supervised Data Labeling Framework for Machine Lexical Normalization in Vietnamese Social Media](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.20467/) (2024)
- [Abusive Span Detection for Vietnamese Narrative Texts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.07831/) (2023)
- [ViTHSD: Exploiting Hatred by Targets for Hate Speech Detection on Vietnamese Social Media Texts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.19252/) (2024)
- [A Big Data-empowered System for Real-time Detection of Regional Discriminatory Comments on Vietnamese Social Media](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.02587/) (2024)
- [ViToSA: Audio-Based Toxic Spans Detection on Vietnamese Speech Utterances](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.00636/) (2025)
- [NEU-ESC: A Comprehensive Vietnamese dataset for Educational Sentiment analysis and topic Classification toward multitask learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.23524/) (2025)
- [FineWeb-CLaR: Culture, Language, and Region Annotations for Benchmark-Aligned Corpus Auditing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.25298/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In recent years, Vietnam witnesses the mass development of social network users on different social platforms such as Facebook, Youtube, Instagram, and Tiktok. On social medias, hate speech has become a critical problem for social network users. To solve this problem, we introduce the ViHSD - a human-annotated dataset for automatically detecting hate speech on the social network. This dataset contains over 30,000 comments, each comment in the dataset has one of three labels: CLEAN, OFFENSIVE, or HATE. Besides, we introduce the data creation process for annotating and evaluating the quality of the dataset. Finally, we evaluated the dataset by deep learning models and transformer models.