# WebFace260M: A Benchmark Unveiling the Power of Million-Scale Deep Face Recognition

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.04098 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.04098/

## Key facts

- Cited by 223 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 50 of its 83 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 6 Mar 2021.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 50)

- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.1556/) (2014)
- [ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.0575/) (2014)
- [Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1502.03167/) (2015)
- [EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.11946/) (2019)
- [Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1709.01507/) (2017)
- [Going Deeper with Convolutions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.4842/) (2014)
- [MobileNets: Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks for Mobile Vision Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1704.04861/) (2017)
- [Delving Deep into Rectifiers: Surpassing Human-Level Performance on ImageNet Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1502.01852/) (2015)
- [FaceNet: A Unified Embedding for Face Recognition and Clustering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1503.03832/) (2015)
- [Aggregated Residual Transformations for Deep Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1611.05431/) (2016)
- [Accurate, Large Minibatch SGD: Training ImageNet in 1 Hour](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.02677/) (2017)
- [Self-training with Noisy Student improves ImageNet classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.04252/) (2019)
- [ShuffleNet: An Extremely Efficient Convolutional Neural Network for Mobile Devices](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1707.01083/) (2017)
- [CosFace: Large Margin Cosine Loss for Deep Face Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.09414/) (2018)
- [Designing Network Design Spaces](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.13678/) (2020)
- [VGGFace2: A dataset for recognising faces across pose and age](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1710.08092/) (2017)
- [SphereFace: Deep Hypersphere Embedding for Face Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1704.08063/) (2017)
- [MS-Celeb-1M: A Dataset and Benchmark for Large-Scale Face Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1607.08221/) (2016)
- [Learning Face Representation from Scratch](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1411.7923/) (2014)
- [Circle Loss: A Unified Perspective of Pair Similarity Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.10857/) (2020)
- [Residual Attention Network for Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1704.06904/) (2017)
- [CurricularFace: Adaptive Curriculum Learning Loss for Deep Face Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.00288/) (2020)
- [Large-Margin Softmax Loss for Convolutional Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1612.02295/) (2016)
- [Additive Margin Softmax for Face Verification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.05599/) (2018)
- [Cross-Age LFW: A Database for Studying Cross-Age Face Recognition in Unconstrained Environments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1708.08197/) (2017)
- [NormFace: L2 Hypersphere Embedding for Face Verification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1704.06369/) (2017)
- [Billion-scale semi-supervised learning for image classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.00546/) (2019)
- [The MegaFace Benchmark: 1 Million Faces for Recognition at Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.00596/) (2015)
- [MobileFaceNets: Efficient CNNs for Accurate Real-Time Face Verification on Mobile Devices](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.07573/) (2018)

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 223)

- [AdaFace: Quality Adaptive Margin for Face Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.00964/) (2022)
- [DCFace: Synthetic Face Generation with Dual Condition Diffusion Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.07060/) (2023)
- [Arc2Face: A Foundation Model for ID-Consistent Human Faces](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.11641/) (2024)
- [DigiFace-1M: 1 Million Digital Face Images for Face Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.02579/) (2022)
- [Killing Two Birds with One Stone:Efficient and Robust Training of Face Recognition CNNs by Partial FC](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.15565/) (2022)
- [BlendFace: Re-designing Identity Encoders for Face-Swapping](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.10854/) (2023)
- [YOLO5Face: Why Reinventing a Face Detector](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.12931/) (2021)
- [WebFace260M: A Benchmark for Million-Scale Deep Face Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.10149/) (2022)
- [Masked Face Recognition Challenge: The InsightFace Track Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.08191/) (2021)
- [SwinFace: A Multi-task Transformer for Face Recognition, Expression Recognition, Age Estimation and Attribute Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.11509/) (2023)
- [Synthetic Data for Face Recognition: Current State and Future Prospects](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.01021/) (2023)
- [KeyPoint Relative Position Encoding for Face Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.14852/) (2024)
- [How Good is ChatGPT at Face Biometrics? A First Look into Recognition, Soft Biometrics, and Explainability](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.13641/) (2024)
- [FaceXFormer: A Unified Transformer for Facial Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.12960/) (2024)
- [EdgeFace: Efficient Face Recognition Model for Edge Devices](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.01838/) (2023)
- [PrintsGAN: Synthetic Fingerprint Generator](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.03674/) (2022)
- [SDFR: Synthetic Data for Face Recognition Competition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.04580/) (2024)
- [Face.evoLVe: A High-Performance Face Recognition Library](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.08621/) (2021)
- [Face Recognition Accuracy Across Demographics: Shining a Light Into the Problem](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.01881/) (2022)
- [Federated Learning for Face Recognition with Gradient Correction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.07246/) (2021)
- [FRoundation: Are Foundation Models Ready for Face Recognition?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.23831/) (2024)
- [Rethinking Common Assumptions to Mitigate Racial Bias in Face Recognition Datasets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.03229/) (2021)
- [Controllable and Guided Face Synthesis for Unconstrained Face Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.10180/) (2022)
- [Cluster and Aggregate: Face Recognition with Large Probe Set](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.10864/) (2022)
- [TransFace++: Rethinking the Face Recognition Paradigm with a Focus on Accuracy, Efficiency, and Security](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.10133/) (2023)
- [Structure-Aware Face Clustering on a Large-Scale Graph with bf107 Nodes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.13225/) (2021)
- [G2Face: High-Fidelity Reversible Face Anonymization via Generative and Geometric Priors](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.09458/) (2024)
- [Affective Behaviour Analysis via Integrating Multi-Modal Knowledge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.10825/) (2024)
- [ID3: Identity-Preserving-yet-Diversified Diffusion Models for Synthetic Face Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.17576/) (2024)
- [Omni-ID: Holistic Identity Representation Designed for Generative Tasks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.09694/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper, we contribute a new million-scale face benchmark containing noisy 4M identities/260M faces (WebFace260M) and cleaned 2M identities/42M faces (WebFace42M) training data, as well as an elaborately designed time-constrained evaluation protocol. Firstly, we collect 4M name list and download 260M faces from the Internet. Then, a Cleaning Automatically utilizing Self-Training (CAST) pipeline is devised to purify the tremendous WebFace260M, which is efficient and scalable. To the best of our knowledge, the cleaned WebFace42M is the largest public face recognition training set and we expect to close the data gap between academia and industry. Referring to practical scenarios, Face Recognition Under Inference Time conStraint (FRUITS) protocol and a test set are constructed to comprehensively evaluate face matchers. Equipped with this benchmark, we delve into million-scale face recognition problems. A distributed framework is developed to train face recognition models efficiently without tampering with the performance. Empowered by WebFace42M, we reduce relative 40% failure rate on the challenging IJB-C set, and ranks the 3rd among 430 entries on NIST-FRVT. Even 10% data (WebFace4M) shows superior performance compared with public training set. Furthermore, comprehensive baselines are established on our rich-attribute test set under FRUITS-100ms/500ms/1000ms protocol, including MobileNet, EfficientNet, AttentionNet, ResNet, SENet, ResNeXt and RegNet families. Benchmark website is https://www.face-benchmark.org.