# Entanglement in Cognition violating Bell Inequalities Beyond Cirel'son's Bound

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.03847 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.03847/

## Key facts

- Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 7 Feb 2021.

## Built on by (most cited first, 5 of 5)

- [A Planck Radiation and Quantization Scheme for Human Cognition and Language](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.03306/) (2022)
- [Are Words the Quanta of Human Language? Extending the Domain of Quantum Cognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.04913/) (2021)
- [Identifying Quantum Structure in AI Language: Evidence for Evolutionary Convergence of Human and Artificial Cognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.21731/) (2025)
- [Development of a Thermodynamics of Human Cognition and Human Culture](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.12795/) (2022)
- [Entanglement as a Method to Reduce Uncertainty](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.05898/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We present the results of two tests where a sample of human participants were asked to make judgements about the conceptual combinations it The Animal Acts and it The Animal eats the Food. Both tests significantly violate the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt version of Bell inequalities (`CHSH inequality'), thus exhibiting manifestly non-classical behaviour due to the meaning connection between the individual concepts that are combined. We then apply a quantum-theoretic framework which we developed for any Bell-type situation and represent empirical data in complex Hilbert space. We show that the observed violations of the CHSH inequality can be explained as a consequence of a strong form of `quantum entanglement' between the component conceptual entities in which both the state and measurements are entangled. We finally observe that a quantum model in Hilbert space can be elaborated in these Bell-type situations even when the CHSH violation exceeds the known `Cirel'son bound', in contrast to a widespread belief. These findings confirm and strengthen the results we recently obtained in a variety of cognitive tests and document and image retrieval operations on the same conceptual combinations.