# LEAP: TrustZone Based Developer-Friendly TEE for Intelligent Mobile Apps

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.02465 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.02465/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 4 Feb 2021.

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [AgenTEE: Confidential LLM Agent Execution on Edge Devices](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.18231/) (2026)
- [SoK: Attack and Defense Landscape of Mobile On-device AI Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.00362/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

ARM TrustZone is widely deployed on commercial-off-the-shelf mobile devices for secure execution. However, many Apps cannot enjoy this feature because it brings many constraints to App developers. Previous works have been proposed to build a secure execution environment for developers on top of TrustZone. Unfortunately, these works are still not fully-fledged solutions for mobile Apps, especially for emerging intelligent Apps. To this end, we propose LEAP, which is a lightweight developer-friendly TEE solution for mobile Apps. LEAP enables isolated codes to execute in parallel and access peripheral (e.g., mobile GPUs) with ease, flexibly manages system resources upon different workloads, and offers the auto DevOps tool to help developers prepare the codes running on it. We implement the LEAP prototype on the off-the-shelf ARM platform and conduct extensive experiments on it. The experimental results show that Apps can be adapted to run with LEAP easily and efficiently. Compared to the state-of-the-art work along this research line, LEAP can achieve an average 3.57x speedup in supporting intelligent Apps using mobile GPU acceleration.