# Uncertainty-driven refinement of tumor-core segmentation using 3D-to-2D networks with label uncertainty

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.06436 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2012.06436/

## Key facts

- Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 11 Dec 2020.

## Built on by (most cited first, 6 of 6)

- [Trustworthy clinical AI solutions: a unified review of uncertainty quantification in deep learning models for medical image analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.03736/) (2022)
- [QU-BraTS: MICCAI BraTS 2020 Challenge on Quantifying Uncertainty in Brain Tumor Segmentation - Analysis of Ranking Scores and Benchmarking Results](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.10074/) (2021)
- [Panoptica -- instance-wise evaluation of 3D semantic and instance segmentation maps](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.02608/) (2023)
- [Glioblastoma Tumor Segmentation using an Ensemble of Vision Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.11467/) (2023)
- [Attention-gated U-Net model for semantic segmentation of brain tumors and feature extraction for survival prognosis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.15067/) (2026)
- [Fairboard: a quantitative framework for equity assessment of healthcare models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.09656/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The BraTS dataset contains a mixture of high-grade and low-grade gliomas, which have a rather different appearance: previous studies have shown that performance can be improved by separated training on low-grade gliomas (LGGs) and high-grade gliomas (HGGs), but in practice this information is not available at test time to decide which model to use. By contrast with HGGs, LGGs often present no sharp boundary between the tumor core and the surrounding edema, but rather a gradual reduction of tumor-cell density. Utilizing our 3D-to-2D fully convolutional architecture, DeepSCAN, which ranked highly in the 2019 BraTS challenge and was trained using an uncertainty-aware loss, we separate cases into those with a confidently segmented core, and those with a vaguely segmented or missing core. Since by assumption every tumor has a core, we reduce the threshold for classification of core tissue in those cases where the core, as segmented by the classifier, is vaguely defined or missing. We then predict survival of high-grade glioma patients using a fusion of linear regression and random forest classification, based on age, number of distinct tumor components, and number of distinct tumor cores. We present results on the validation dataset of the Multimodal Brain Tumor Segmentation Challenge 2020 (segmentation and uncertainty challenge), and on the testing set, where the method achieved 4th place in Segmentation, 1st place in uncertainty estimation, and 1st place in Survival prediction.