# Discriminating Between Similar Nordic Languages

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.06431 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2012.06431/

## Key facts

- Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 11 Dec 2020.

## Built on by (most cited first, 10 of 10)

- [GlotLID: Language Identification for Low-Resource Languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.16248/) (2023)
- [The Scandinavian Embedding Benchmarks: Comprehensive Assessment of Multilingual and Monolingual Text Embedding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.02396/) (2024)
- [Transfer to a Low-Resource Language via Close Relatives: The Case Study on Faroese](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.08823/) (2023)
- [Geographic Adaptation of Pretrained Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.08565/) (2022)
- [PALI: A Language Identification Benchmark for Perso-Arabic Scripts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.01322/) (2023)
- [LIMIT: Language Identification, Misidentification, and Translation using Hierarchical Models in 350+ Languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.14263/) (2023)
- [OpenLID-v3: Improving the Precision of Closely Related Language Identification -- An Experience Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.13139/) (2026)
- [A reproduction of Apple's bi-directional LSTM models for language identification in short strings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.06282/) (2021)
- [From N-grams to Pre-trained Multilingual Models For Language Identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.08728/) (2024)
- [Multi-label Scandinavian Language Identification (SLIDE)](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.06692/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Automatic language identification is a challenging problem. Discriminating between closely related languages is especially difficult. This paper presents a machine learning approach for automatic language identification for the Nordic languages, which often suffer miscategorisation by existing state-of-the-art tools. Concretely we will focus on discrimination between six Nordic languages: Danish, Swedish, Norwegian (Nynorsk), Norwegian (Bokmaal), Faroese and Icelandic.