# Toward Scalable and Unified Example-based Explanation and Outlier Detection

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.05577 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.05577/

## Key facts

- Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 11 Nov 2020.

## Built on by (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [A Survey on Explainable Anomaly Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.06959/) (2022)
- [Understanding the (Extra-)Ordinary: Validating Deep Model Decisions with Prototypical Concept-based Explanations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.16681/) (2023)
- [A Feature Engineering Approach for Business Impact-Oriented Failure Detection in Distributed Instant Payment Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.21710/) (2025)
- [Dual feature-based and example-based explanation methods](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.16294/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

When neural networks are employed for high-stakes decision-making, it is desirable that they provide explanations for their prediction in order for us to understand the features that have contributed to the decision. At the same time, it is important to flag potential outliers for in-depth verification by domain experts. In this work we propose to unify two differing aspects of explainability with outlier detection. We argue for a broader adoption of prototype-based student networks capable of providing an example-based explanation for their prediction and at the same time identify regions of similarity between the predicted sample and the examples. The examples are real prototypical cases sampled from the training set via our novel iterative prototype replacement algorithm. Furthermore, we propose to use the prototype similarity scores for identifying outliers. We compare performances in terms of the classification, explanation quality, and outlier detection of our proposed network with other baselines. We show that our prototype-based networks beyond similarity kernels deliver meaningful explanations and promising outlier detection results without compromising classification accuracy.