# NAS-FAS: Static-Dynamic Central Difference Network Search for Face Anti-Spoofing

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.02062 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.02062/

## Key facts

- Cited by 105 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 3 Nov 2020.

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 105)

- [Pixel Difference Networks for Efficient Edge Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.07009/) (2021)
- [Detecting and Grounding Multi-Modal Media Manipulation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.02556/) (2023)
- [DEA-Net: Single image dehazing based on detail-enhanced convolution and content-guided attention](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.04805/) (2023)
- [Domain Generalization via Shuffled Style Assembly for Face Anti-Spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.05340/) (2022)
- [PatchNet: A Simple Face Anti-Spoofing Framework via Fine-Grained Patch Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.14325/) (2022)
- [Deep Learning for Face Anti-Spoofing: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.14948/) (2021)
- [Rethinking Domain Generalization for Face Anti-spoofing: Separability and Alignment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.13662/) (2023)
- [Dual-Cross Central Difference Network for Face Anti-Spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.01290/) (2021)
- [FLIP: Cross-domain Face Anti-spoofing with Language Guidance](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.16649/) (2023)
- [Contrastive Context-Aware Learning for 3D High-Fidelity Mask Face Presentation Attack Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.06148/) (2021)
- [TransRPPG: Remote Photoplethysmography Transformer for 3D Mask Face Presentation Attack Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.07419/) (2021)
- [SHIELD : An Evaluation Benchmark for Face Spoofing and Forgery Detection with Multimodal Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.04178/) (2024)
- [CFPL-FAS: Class Free Prompt Learning for Generalizable Face Anti-spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.14333/) (2024)
- [Adaptive Transformers for Robust Few-shot Cross-domain Face Anti-spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.12175/) (2022)
- [Meta-Teacher For Face Anti-Spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.06638/) (2021)
- [Semantic Diffusion Network for Semantic Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.02057/) (2023)
- [Learning Meta Pattern for Face Anti-Spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.06753/) (2021)
- [Benchmarking Joint Face Spoofing and Forgery Detection with Visual and Physiological Cues](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.05401/) (2022)
- [Feature Generation and Hypothesis Verification for Reliable Face Anti-Spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.14894/) (2021)
- [FM-ViT: Flexible Modal Vision Transformers for Face Anti-Spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.03277/) (2023)
- [Flexible-Modal Face Anti-Spoofing: A Benchmark](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.08192/) (2022)
- [Real Masks and Spoof Faces: On the Masked Face Presentation Attack Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.01546/) (2021)
- [Dual Spoof Disentanglement Generation for Face Anti-spoofing with Depth Uncertainty Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.00568/) (2021)
- [Test-Time Domain Generalization for Face Anti-Spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.19334/) (2024)
- [3D High-Fidelity Mask Face Presentation Attack Detection Challenge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.06968/) (2021)
- [Learnable Multi-level Frequency Decomposition and Hierarchical Attention Mechanism for Generalized Face Presentation Attack Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.07950/) (2021)
- [Digital and Physical Face Attacks: Reviewing and One Step Further](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.14692/) (2022)
- [Unified Physical-Digital Face Attack Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.17699/) (2024)
- [Lightweight Pixel Difference Networks for Efficient Visual Representation Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.00422/) (2024)
- [Pick of the Bunch: Detecting Infrared Small Targets Beyond Hit-Miss Trade-Offs via Selective Rank-Aware Attention](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.03717/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Face anti-spoofing (FAS) plays a vital role in securing face recognition systems. Existing methods heavily rely on the expert-designed networks, which may lead to a sub-optimal solution for FAS task. Here we propose the first FAS method based on neural architecture search (NAS), called NAS-FAS, to discover the well-suited task-aware networks. Unlike previous NAS works mainly focus on developing efficient search strategies in generic object classification, we pay more attention to study the search spaces for FAS task. The challenges of utilizing NAS for FAS are in two folds: the networks searched on 1) a specific acquisition condition might perform poorly in unseen conditions, and 2) particular spoofing attacks might generalize badly for unseen attacks. To overcome these two issues, we develop a novel search space consisting of central difference convolution and pooling operators. Moreover, an efficient static-dynamic representation is exploited for fully mining the FAS-aware spatio-temporal discrepancy. Besides, we propose Domain/Type-aware Meta-NAS, which leverages cross-domain/type knowledge for robust searching. Finally, in order to evaluate the NAS transferability for cross datasets and unknown attack types, we release a large-scale 3D mask dataset, namely CASIA-SURF 3DMask, for supporting the new 'cross-dataset cross-type' testing protocol. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed NAS-FAS achieves state-of-the-art performance on nine FAS benchmark datasets with four testing protocols.