# TeRo: A Time-aware Knowledge Graph Embedding via Temporal Rotation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.01029 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.01029/

## Key facts

- Cited by 48 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 2 Oct 2020.

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 48)

- [A Survey of Knowledge Graph Reasoning on Graph Types: Static, Dynamic, and Multimodal](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.05767/) (2022)
- [Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.08236/) (2022)
- [ChronoR: Rotation Based Temporal Knowledge Graph Embedding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.10379/) (2021)
- [Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion using Box Embeddings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.08970/) (2021)
- [Dipping PLMs Sauce: Bridging Structure and Text for Effective Knowledge Graph Completion via Conditional Soft Prompting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.01709/) (2023)
- [Knowledge Is Flat: A Seq2Seq Generative Framework for Various Knowledge Graph Completion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.07299/) (2022)
- [A Survey on Temporal Knowledge Graph: Representation Learning and Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.04782/) (2024)
- [What is Event Knowledge Graph: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.15280/) (2021)
- [Time-aware Graph Neural Networks for Entity Alignment between Temporal Knowledge Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.02150/) (2022)
- [A Survey on Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion: Taxonomy, Progress, and Prospects](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.02457/) (2023)
- [TFLEX: Temporal Feature-Logic Embedding Framework for Complex Reasoning over Temporal Knowledge Graph](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.14307/) (2022)
- [Hyperbolic Temporal Knowledge Graph Embeddings with Relational and Time Curvatures](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.04311/) (2021)
- [Temporal Fact Reasoning over Hyper-Relational Knowledge Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.10219/) (2023)
- [Knowledge Graph Embedding: An Overview](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.12501/) (2023)
- [On the Evolution of Knowledge Graphs: A Survey and Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.04835/) (2023)
- [HGE: Embedding Temporal Knowledge Graphs in a Product Space of Heterogeneous Geometric Subspaces](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.13680/) (2023)
- [RotateQVS: Representing Temporal Information as Rotations in Quaternion Vector Space for Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.07993/) (2022)
- [Incorporating Structured Sentences with Time-enhanced BERT for Fully-inductive Temporal Relation Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.04717/) (2023)
- [IME: Integrating Multi-curvature Shared and Specific Embedding for Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.19881/) (2024)
- [A Unified Temporal Knowledge Graph Reasoning Model Towards Interpolation and Extrapolation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.18106/) (2024)
- [Multiple Run Ensemble Learning with Low-Dimensional Knowledge Graph Embeddings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.05003/) (2021)
- [Few-Shot Inductive Learning on Temporal Knowledge Graphs using Concept-Aware Information](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.08169/) (2022)
- [Toward Practical Entity Alignment Method Design: Insights from New Highly Heterogeneous Knowledge Graph Datasets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.03468/) (2023)
- [Transformer-based Reasoning for Learning Evolutionary Chain of Events on Temporal Knowledge Graph](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.00352/) (2024)
- [ECOLA: Enhanced Temporal Knowledge Embeddings with Contextualized Language Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.09590/) (2022)
- [Meta-Learning Based Knowledge Extrapolation for Temporal Knowledge Graph](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.05640/) (2023)
- [Geometric Algebra based Embeddings for Static and Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.09464/) (2022)
- [NeuSTIP: A Novel Neuro-Symbolic Model for Link and Time Prediction in Temporal Knowledge Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.11301/) (2023)
- [Time is Not a Label: Continuous Phase Rotation for Temporal Knowledge Graphs and Agentic Memory](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.11544/) (2026)
- [SeDyT: A General Framework for Multi-Step Event Forecasting via Sequence Modeling on Dynamic Entity Embeddings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.04550/) (2021)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In the last few years, there has been a surge of interest in learning representations of entitiesand relations in knowledge graph (KG). However, the recent availability of temporal knowledgegraphs (TKGs) that contain time information for each fact created the need for reasoning overtime in such TKGs. In this regard, we present a new approach of TKG embedding, TeRo, which defines the temporal evolution of entity embedding as a rotation from the initial time to the currenttime in the complex vector space. Specially, for facts involving time intervals, each relation isrepresented as a pair of dual complex embeddings to handle the beginning and the end of therelation, respectively. We show our proposed model overcomes the limitations of the existing KG embedding models and TKG embedding models and has the ability of learning and inferringvarious relation patterns over time. Experimental results on four different TKGs show that TeRo significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art models for link prediction. In addition, we analyze the effect of time granularity on link prediction over TKGs, which as far as we know hasnot been investigated in previous literature.