# Coordinated Behavior on Social Media in 2019 UK General Election

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.08370 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.08370/

## Key facts

- Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 19 Aug 2020.

## Built on by (most cited first, 15 of 15)

- [A Survey on Multimodal Disinformation Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.12541/) (2021)
- [Anatomy of an AI-powered malicious social botnet](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.16336/) (2023)
- [Leveraging Large Language Models to Detect Influence Campaigns in Social Media](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.07816/) (2023)
- [When Autonomy Goes Rogue: Preparing for Risks of Multi-Agent Collusion in Social Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.14660/) (2025)
- [Coordinating Narratives and the Capitol Riots on Parler](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.00945/) (2021)
- [The Spread of Propaganda by Coordinated Communities on Social Media](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.13046/) (2021)
- [Fine-Grained Prediction of Political Leaning on Social Media with Unsupervised Deep Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.12382/) (2022)
- [Temporal Dynamics of Coordinated Online Behavior: Stability, Archetypes, and Influence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.06774/) (2023)
- [Detection and Characterization of Coordinated Online Behavior: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.01257/) (2024)
- [IOHunter: Graph Foundation Model to Uncover Online Information Operations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.14663/) (2024)
- [Analyzing the Strategy of Propaganda using Inverse Reinforcement Learning: Evidence from the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.12788/) (2023)
- [Large Language Models Reveal Information Operation Goals, Tactics, and Narrative Frames](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.03688/) (2024)
- [The Veracity Problem: Detecting False Information and its Propagation on Online Social Media Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.03948/) (2024)
- [Multimodal Coordinated Online Behavior: Trade-offs and Strategies](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.12108/) (2025)
- [Beyond Content: Behavioral Policies Reveal Actors in Information Operations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.02838/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Coordinated online behaviors are an essential part of information and influence operations, as they allow a more effective disinformation's spread. Most studies on coordinated behaviors involved manual investigations, and the few existing computational approaches make bold assumptions or oversimplify the problem to make it tractable. Here, we propose a new network-based framework for uncovering and studying coordinated behaviors on social media. Our research extends existing systems and goes beyond limiting binary classifications of coordinated and uncoordinated behaviors. It allows to expose different coordination patterns and to estimate the degree of coordination that characterizes diverse communities. We apply our framework to a dataset collected during the 2019 UK General Election, detecting and characterizing coordinated communities that participated in the electoral debate. Our work conveys both theoretical and practical implications and provides more nuanced and fine-grained results for studying online information manipulation.