# The MRS UAV System: Pushing the Frontiers of Reproducible Research, Real-world Deployment, and Education with Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.08050 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.08050/

## Key facts

- Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 18 Aug 2020.

## Built on by (most cited first, 9 of 9)

- [General-Purpose Aerial Intelligent Agents Empowered by Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.08302/) (2025)
- [UAVs Beneath the Surface: Cooperative Autonomy for Subterranean Search and Rescue in DARPA SubT](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.08185/) (2022)
- [RAPTOR: A Foundation Policy for Quadrotor Control](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.11481/) (2025)
- [Variable Time-Step MPC for Agile Multi-Rotor UAV Interception of Dynamic Targets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.14184/) (2025)
- [New Era in Cultural Heritage Preservation: Cooperative Aerial Autonomy](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.02962/) (2023)
- [Proximal Control of UAVs with Federated Learning for Human-Robot Collaborative Domains](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.02863/) (2024)
- [FlightForge: Advancing UAV Research with Procedural Generation of High-Fidelity Simulation and Integrated Autonomy](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.05038/) (2025)
- [RADRON: Cooperative Localization of Ionizing Radiation Sources by MAVs with Compton Cameras](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.26018/) (2025)
- [aerial-autonomy-stack -- a Faster-than-real-time, Autopilot-agnostic, ROS2 Framework to Simulate and Deploy Perception-based Drones](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.07264/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We present a multirotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle control (UAV) and estimation system for supporting replicable research through realistic simulations and real-world experiments. We propose a unique multi-frame localization paradigm for estimating the states of a UAV in various frames of reference using multiple sensors simultaneously. The system enables complex missions in GNSS and GNSS-denied environments, including outdoor-indoor transitions and the execution of redundant estimators for backing up unreliable localization sources. Two feedback control designs are presented: one for precise and aggressive maneuvers, and the other for stable and smooth flight with a noisy state estimate. The proposed control and estimation pipeline are constructed without using the Euler/Tait-Bryan angle representation of orientation in 3D. Instead, we rely on rotation matrices and a novel heading-based convention to represent the one free rotational degree-of-freedom in 3D of a standard multirotor helicopter. We provide an actively maintained and well-documented open-source implementation, including realistic simulation of UAV, sensors, and localization systems. The proposed system is the product of years of applied research on multi-robot systems, aerial swarms, aerial manipulation, motion planning, and remote sensing. All our results have been supported by real-world system deployment that shaped the system into the form presented here. In addition, the system was utilized during the participation of our team from the CTU in Prague in the prestigious MBZIRC 2017 and 2020 robotics competitions, and also in the DARPA SubT challenge. Each time, our team was able to secure top places among the best competitors from all over the world. On each occasion, the challenges has motivated the team to improve the system and to gain a great amount of high-quality experience within tight deadlines.