# Curriculum learning for improved femur fracture classification: scheduling data with prior knowledge and uncertainty

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.16102 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.16102/

## Key facts

- Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 31 Jul 2020.

## Built on by (most cited first, 8 of 8)

- [Trustworthy clinical AI solutions: a unified review of uncertainty quantification in deep learning models for medical image analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.03736/) (2022)
- [A review of uncertainty quantification in medical image analysis: probabilistic and non-probabilistic methods](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.06873/) (2023)
- [Memory-aware curriculum federated learning for breast cancer classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.02504/) (2021)
- [Deep learning with noisy labels in medical prediction problems: a scoping review](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.13111/) (2024)
- [GIT-CXR: End-to-End Transformer for Chest X-Ray Report Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.02598/) (2025)
- [CLOG-CD: Curriculum Learning based on Oscillating Granularity of Class Decomposed Medical Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.01741/) (2025)
- [CLoE: Curriculum Learning on Endoscopic Images for Robust MES Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.13280/) (2025)
- [Scale-Aware Curriculum Learning for Ddata-Efficient Lung Nodule Detection with YOLOv11](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.26923/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

An adequate classification of proximal femur fractures from X-ray images is crucial for the treatment choice and the patients' clinical outcome. We rely on the commonly used AO system, which describes a hierarchical knowledge tree classifying the images into types and subtypes according to the fracture's location and complexity. In this paper, we propose a method for the automatic classification of proximal femur fractures into 3 and 7 AO classes based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). As it is known, CNNs need large and representative datasets with reliable labels, which are hard to collect for the application at hand. In this paper, we design a curriculum learning (CL) approach that improves over the basic CNNs performance under such conditions. Our novel formulation reunites three curriculum strategies: individually weighting training samples, reordering the training set, and sampling subsets of data. The core of these strategies is a scoring function ranking the training samples. We define two novel scoring functions: one from domain-specific prior knowledge and an original self-paced uncertainty score. We perform experiments on a clinical dataset of proximal femur radiographs. The curriculum improves proximal femur fracture classification up to the performance of experienced trauma surgeons. The best curriculum method reorders the training set based on prior knowledge resulting into a classification improvement of 15%. Using the publicly available MNIST dataset, we further discuss and demonstrate the benefits of our unified CL formulation for three controlled and challenging digit recognition scenarios: with limited amounts of data, under class-imbalance, and in the presence of label noise. The code of our work is available at: https://github.com/ameliajimenez/curriculum-learning-prior-uncertainty.