# STEAM: Self-Supervised Taxonomy Expansion with Mini-Paths

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.10217 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.10217/

## Key facts

- Cited by 31 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 18 Jun 2020.

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 31)

- [TaxoCom: Topic Taxonomy Completion with Hierarchical Discovery of Novel Topic Clusters](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.06771/) (2022)
- [Taxonomy Completion via Triplet Matching Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.01896/) (2021)
- [TaxoEnrich: Self-Supervised Taxonomy Completion via Structure-Semantic Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.04887/) (2022)
- [Enhancing Taxonomy Completion with Concept Generation via Fusing Relational Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.02974/) (2021)
- [HyperExpan: Taxonomy Expansion with Hyperbolic Representation Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.10500/) (2021)
- [Enquire One's Parent and Child Before Decision: Fully Exploit Hierarchical Structure for Self-Supervised Taxonomy Expansion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.11268/) (2021)
- [A Review on Knowledge Graphs for Healthcare: Resources, Applications, and Promises](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.04802/) (2023)
- [CodeTaxo: Enhancing Taxonomy Expansion with Limited Examples via Code Language Prompts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.09070/) (2024)
- [Distilling Hypernymy Relations from Language Models: On the Effectiveness of Zero-Shot Taxonomy Induction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.04876/) (2022)
- [A Unified Taxonomy-Guided Instruction Tuning Framework for Entity Set Expansion and Taxonomy Expansion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.13405/) (2024)
- [Who Should Go First? A Self-Supervised Concept Sorting Model for Improving Taxonomy Expansion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.03682/) (2021)
- [FlexER: Flexible Entity Resolution for Multiple Intents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.07569/) (2022)
- [Rank, Chunk and Expand: Lineage-Oriented Reasoning for Taxonomy Expansion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.13282/) (2025)
- [Learning What You Need from What You Did: Product Taxonomy Expansion with User Behaviors Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.14921/) (2022)
- [Adaptive Multi-view Rule Discovery for Weakly-Supervised Compatible Products Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.13749/) (2022)
- [FLAME: Self-Supervised Low-Resource Taxonomy Expansion using Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.13623/) (2024)
- [Expanding Knowledge Graphs with Humans in the Loop](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.05189/) (2022)
- [Find Parent then Label Children: A Two-stage Taxonomy Completion Method with Pre-trained Language Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.17739/) (2024)
- [FUSE: Measure-Theoretic Compact Fuzzy Set Representation for Taxonomy Expansion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.08409/) (2025)
- [TaxoBell: Gaussian Box Embeddings for Self-Supervised Taxonomy Expansion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.09633/) (2026)
- [GANTEE: Generative Adversatial Network for Taxonomy Entering Evaluation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.14480/) (2023)
- [Insert or Attach: Taxonomy Completion via Box Embedding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.11004/) (2023)
- [KnowCoder-V2: Deep Knowledge Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.06881/) (2025)
- [Polaris: Coupled Orbital Polar Embeddings for Hierarchical Concept Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.00265/) (2026)
- [DNG: Taxonomy Expansion by Exploring the Intrinsic Directed Structure on Non-gaussian Space](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.11165/) (2023)
- [Towards Visual Taxonomy Expansion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.06105/) (2023)
- [FoodTaxo: Generating Food Taxonomies with Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.19838/) (2025)
- [JD Oxygen AI Item Center (Oxygen AIIC) V1: An Industrial-Scale LLM/VLM-Centric Solution for Item Understanding, Management, and Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.28070/) (2026)
- [ReLTEx: Reliable LLM-based Taxonomy Expansion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.10970/) (2026)
- [SPARROW: Scalable Taxonomy Induction via Structure-Preserving Partitioning and Constraint-Guided Merging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.07307/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Taxonomies are important knowledge ontologies that underpin numerous applications on a daily basis, but many taxonomies used in practice suffer from the low coverage issue. We study the taxonomy expansion problem, which aims to expand existing taxonomies with new concept terms. We propose a self-supervised taxonomy expansion model named STEAM, which leverages natural supervision in the existing taxonomy for expansion. To generate natural self-supervision signals, STEAM samples mini-paths from the existing taxonomy, and formulates a node attachment prediction task between anchor mini-paths and query terms. To solve the node attachment task, it learns feature representations for query-anchor pairs from multiple views and performs multi-view co-training for prediction. Extensive experiments show that STEAM outperforms state-of-the-art methods for taxonomy expansion by 11.6% in accuracy and 7.0% in mean reciprocal rank on three public benchmarks. The implementation of STEAM can be found at urlhttps://github.com/yueyu1030/STEAM.