# Syntactic Search by Example

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.03010 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.03010/

## Key facts

- Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 4 Jun 2020.

## Built on by (most cited first, 20 of 20)

- [Measuring and Improving Consistency in Pretrained Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.01017/) (2021)
- [Collecting a Large-Scale Gender Bias Dataset for Coreference Resolution and Machine Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.03858/) (2021)
- [Measuring Causal Effects of Data Statistics on Language Model's `Factual' Predictions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.14251/) (2022)
- [CSFCube -- A Test Collection of Computer Science Research Articles for Faceted Query by Example](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.12906/) (2021)
- [A Search Engine for Discovery of Scientific Challenges and Directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.13751/) (2021)
- [Large Scale Substitution-based Word Sense Induction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.07681/) (2021)
- [A Dataset for N-ary Relation Extraction of Drug Combinations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.02289/) (2022)
- [Natural Language Processing RELIES on Linguistics](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.05966/) (2024)
- [GrASP: A Library for Extracting and Exploring Human-Interpretable Textual Patterns](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.03958/) (2021)
- [Hybrid Human-LLM Corpus Construction and LLM Evaluation for Rare Linguistic Phenomena](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.06965/) (2024)
- [From Examples to Rules: Neural Guided Rule Synthesis for Information Extraction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.00475/) (2022)
- [Use of Formal Ethical Reviews in NLP Literature: Historical Trends and Current Practices](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.01105/) (2021)
- [Neural Extractive Search](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.04612/) (2021)
- [The Case for Scalable, Data-Driven Theory: A Paradigm for Scientific Progress in NLP](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.00349/) (2023)
- [Two Kinds of Recall](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.10527/) (2023)
- [Automatic Extraction of Clausal Embedding Based on Large-Scale English Text Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.14064/) (2025)
- [Bootstrapping Relation Extractors using Syntactic Search by Examples](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.05007/) (2021)
- [The Perfect Victim: Computational Analysis of Judicial Attitudes towards Victims of Sexual Violence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.05302/) (2023)
- [Hierarchy Builder: Organizing Textual Spans into a Hierarchy to Facilitate Navigation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.10057/) (2023)
- [Blackbird Language Matrices: A Framework to Investigate the Linguistic Competence of Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.20966/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We present a system that allows a user to search a large linguistically annotated corpus using syntactic patterns over dependency graphs. In contrast to previous attempts to this effect, we introduce a light-weight query language that does not require the user to know the details of the underlying syntactic representations, and instead to query the corpus by providing an example sentence coupled with simple markup. Search is performed at an interactive speed due to an efficient linguistic graph-indexing and retrieval engine. This allows for rapid exploration, development and refinement of syntax-based queries. We demonstrate the system using queries over two corpora: the English wikipedia, and a collection of English pubmed abstracts. A demo of the wikipedia system is available at: https://allenai.github.io/spike
