# A Dataset of Fact-Checked Images Shared on WhatsApp During the Brazilian and Indian Elections

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.02443 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.02443/

## Key facts

- Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 5 May 2020.

## Built on by (most cited first, 9 of 9)

- [End-to-End Multimodal Fact-Checking and Explanation Generation: A Challenging Dataset and Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.12487/) (2022)
- [Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.00413/) (2021)
- [Dataset of Fake News Detection and Fact Verification: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.03299/) (2021)
- [Predicting Sentence-Level Factuality of News and Bias of Media Outlets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.11850/) (2023)
- [Factorization of Fact-Checks for Low Resource Indian Languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.11276/) (2021)
- [E-CaTCH: Event-Centric Cross-Modal Attention with Temporal Consistency and Class-Imbalance Handling for Misinformation Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.11197/) (2025)
- [A Review of Web Infodemic Analysis and Detection Trends across Multi-modalities using Deep Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.00803/) (2021)
- [Misinformation Span Detection in Videos via Audio Transcripts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.21767/) (2026)
- [WhatsApp Vaccine Discourse (WhaVax): An Expert-Annotated Dataset and Benchmark for Health Misinformation Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.12510/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Recently, messaging applications, such as WhatsApp, have been reportedly abused by misinformation campaigns, especially in Brazil and India. A notable form of abuse in WhatsApp relies on several manipulated images and memes containing all kinds of fake stories. In this work, we performed an extensive data collection from a large set of WhatsApp publicly accessible groups and fact-checking agency websites. This paper opens a novel dataset to the research community containing fact-checked fake images shared through WhatsApp for two distinct scenarios known for the spread of fake news on the platform: the 2018 Brazilian elections and the 2019 Indian elections.