# Combining GHOST and Casper

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.03052 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.03052/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 6 Mar 2020.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Survey on Strategic Mining in Blockchain: A Reinforcement Learning Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.17307/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We present "Gasper," a proof-of-stake-based consensus protocol, which is an idealized version of the proposed Ethereum 2.0 beacon chain. The protocol combines Casper FFG, a finality tool, with LMD GHOST, a fork-choice rule. We prove safety, plausible liveness, and probabilistic liveness under different sets of assumptions.