# Towards a Distributed Quantum Computing Ecosystem

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.11808 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.11808/

## Key facts

- Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 17 Feb 2020.

## Built on by (most cited first, 11 of 11)

- [Privacy-preserving quantum federated learning via gradient hiding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.04447/) (2023)
- [Toward Large-Scale Distributed Quantum Long Short-Term Memory with Modular Quantum Computers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.14088/) (2025)
- [An Invitation to Distributed Quantum Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.07056/) (2022)
- [Near-Term Quantum Computing Techniques: Variational Quantum Algorithms, Error Mitigation, Circuit Compilation, Benchmarking and Classical Simulation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.08737/) (2022)
- [Quantum Federated Learning: A Comprehensive Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.15998/) (2025)
- [Blind quantum machine learning with quantum bipartite correlator](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.12893/) (2023)
- [Federated Hierarchical Tensor Networks: a Collaborative Learning Quantum AI-Driven Framework for Healthcare](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.07735/) (2024)
- [Adversarial Robustness of Partitioned Quantum Classifiers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.20403/) (2025)
- [Adversarial Robustness in Distributed Quantum Machine Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.11848/) (2025)
- [Multi-GPU-Enabled Hybrid Quantum-Classical Workflow in Quantum-HPC Middleware: Applications in Quantum Simulations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.05828/) (2024)
- [Federated learning with distributed fixed design quantum chips and quantum channels](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.13421/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The Quantum Internet, by enabling quantum communications among remote quantum nodes, is a network capable of supporting functionalities with no direct counterpart in the classical world. Indeed, with the network and communications functionalities provided by the Quantum Internet, remote quantum devices can communicate and cooperate for solving challenging computational tasks by adopting a distributed computing approach. The aim of this paper is to provide the reader with an overview about the main challenges and open problems arising with the design of a Distributed Quantum Computing ecosystem. For this, we provide a survey, following a bottom-up approach, from a communications engineering perspective. We start by introducing the Quantum Internet as the fundamental underlying infrastructure of the Distributed Quantum Computing ecosystem. Then we go further, by elaborating on a high-level system abstraction of the Distributed Quantum Computing ecosystem. Such an abstraction is described through a set of logical layers. Thereby, we clarify dependencies among the aforementioned layers and, at the same time, a road-map emerges.