# (Mis)Information Operations: An Integrated Perspective

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.10795 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.10795/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 23 Dec 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [InfoOps Bench: A live information operations safety benchmark](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.28503/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The massive diffusion of social media fosters disintermediation and changes the way users are informed, the way they process reality, and the way they engage in public debate. The cognitive layer of users and the related social dynamics define the nature and the dimension of informational threats. Users show the tendency to interact with information adhering to their preferred narrative and to ignore dissenting information. Confirmation bias seems to account for users decisions about consuming and spreading content; and, at the same time, aggregation of favored information within those communities reinforces group polarization. In this work, the authors address the problem of (mis)information operations with a holistic and integrated approach. Cognitive weakness induced by this new information environment are considered. Moreover, (mis)information operations, with particular reference to the Italian context, are considered; and the fact that the phenomenon is more complex than expected is highlighted. The paper concludes by providing an integrated research roadmap accounting for the possible future technological developments.