# EdNet: A Large-Scale Hierarchical Dataset in Education

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.03072 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.03072/

## Key facts

- Cited by 108 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 6 Dec 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 108)

- [Knowledge Tracing: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.06953/) (2022)
- [EduAgent: Generative Student Agents in Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.07963/) (2024)
- [A Survey of Knowledge Tracing: Models, Variants, and Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.15106/) (2021)
- [BOBCAT: Bilevel Optimization-Based Computerized Adaptive Testing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.07386/) (2021)
- [Deep Graph Memory Networks for Forgetting-Robust Knowledge Tracing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.08105/) (2021)
- [Code-DKT: A Code-based Knowledge Tracing Model for Programming Tasks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.03545/) (2022)
- [Inductive Cognitive Diagnosis for Fast Student Learning in Web-Based Online Intelligent Education Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.11290/) (2024)
- [FairAIED: Navigating Fairness, Bias, and Ethics in Educational AI Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.18745/) (2024)
- [Classroom Simulacra: Building Contextual Student Generative Agents in Online Education for Learning Behavioral Simulation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.02780/) (2025)
- [Uni-Retrieval: A Multi-Style Retrieval Framework for STEM's Education](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.05863/) (2025)
- [Multi-Factors Aware Dual-Attentional Knowledge Tracing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.04741/) (2021)
- [On Label Granularity and Object Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.10225/) (2022)
- [Disentangled Knowledge Tracing for Alleviating Cognitive Bias](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.02539/) (2025)
- [Option Tracing: Beyond Correctness Analysis in Knowledge Tracing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.09043/) (2021)
- [MoocRadar: A Fine-grained and Multi-aspect Knowledge Repository for Improving Cognitive Student Modeling in MOOCs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.02205/) (2023)
- [Automated Knowledge Concept Annotation and Question Representation Learning for Knowledge Tracing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.01727/) (2024)
- [PEEK: A Large Dataset of Learner Engagement with Educational Videos](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.03154/) (2021)
- [DGEKT: A Dual Graph Ensemble Learning Method for Knowledge Tracing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.12881/) (2022)
- [Difficulty-Focused Contrastive Learning for Knowledge Tracing with a Large Language Model-Based Difficulty Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.11890/) (2023)
- [No Task Left Behind: Multi-Task Learning of Knowledge Tracing and Option Tracing for Better Student Assessment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.14006/) (2022)
- [HiTSKT: A Hierarchical Transformer Model for Session-Aware Knowledge Tracing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.12139/) (2022)
- [MonaCoBERT: Monotonic attention based ConvBERT for Knowledge Tracing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.12615/) (2022)
- [Could AI Democratise Education? Socio-Technical Imaginaries of an EdTech Revolution](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.02034/) (2021)
- [Empirical Evaluation of Deep Learning Models for Knowledge Tracing: Of Hyperparameters and Metrics on Performance and Replicability](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.15072/) (2021)
- [Survey of Computerized Adaptive Testing: A Machine Learning Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.00712/) (2024)
- [SMARTe-VR: Student Monitoring and Adaptive Response Technology for e-Learning in Virtual Reality](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.10977/) (2025)
- [LSTM-SAKT: LSTM-Encoded SAKT-like Transformer for Knowledge Tracing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.00845/) (2021)
- [Last Query Transformer RNN for knowledge tracing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.05038/) (2021)
- [DBE-KT22: A Knowledge Tracing Dataset Based on Online Student Evaluation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.12651/) (2022)
- [Counterfactual Monotonic Knowledge Tracing for Assessing Students' Dynamic Mastery of Knowledge Concepts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.03377/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

With advances in Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIEd) and the ever-growing scale of Interactive Educational Systems (IESs), data-driven approach has become a common recipe for various tasks such as knowledge tracing and learning path recommendation. Unfortunately, collecting real students' interaction data is often challenging, which results in the lack of public large-scale benchmark dataset reflecting a wide variety of student behaviors in modern IESs. Although several datasets, such as ASSISTments, Junyi Academy, Synthetic and STATICS, are publicly available and widely used, they are not large enough to leverage the full potential of state-of-the-art data-driven models and limits the recorded behaviors to question-solving activities. To this end, we introduce EdNet, a large-scale hierarchical dataset of diverse student activities collected by Santa, a multi-platform self-study solution equipped with artificial intelligence tutoring system. EdNet contains 131,441,538 interactions from 784,309 students collected over more than 2 years, which is the largest among the ITS datasets released to the public so far. Unlike existing datasets, EdNet provides a wide variety of student actions ranging from question-solving to lecture consumption and item purchasing. Also, EdNet has a hierarchical structure where the student actions are divided into 4 different levels of abstractions. The features of EdNet are domain-agnostic, allowing EdNet to be extended to different domains easily. The dataset is publicly released under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license for research purposes. We plan to host challenges in multiple AIEd tasks with EdNet to provide a common ground for the fair comparison between different state of the art models and encourage the development of practical and effective methods.