# Starling: A Scalable Query Engine on Cloud Function Services

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.11727 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.11727/

## Key facts

- Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 26 Nov 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [Towards Demystifying Serverless Machine Learning Training](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.07806/) (2021)
- [Serverless Data Science -- Are We There Yet? A Case Study of Model Serving](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.02958/) (2021)
- [FSD-Inference: Fully Serverless Distributed Inference with Scalable Cloud Communication](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.15195/) (2024)
- [Scalable Disk-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search with Page-Aligned Graph](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.25487/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Much like on-premises systems, the natural choice for running database analytics workloads in the cloud is to provision a cluster of nodes to run a database instance. However, analytics workloads are often bursty or low volume, leaving clusters idle much of the time, meaning customers pay for compute resources even when unused. The ability of cloud function services, such as AWS Lambda or Azure Functions, to run small, fine granularity tasks make them appear to be a natural choice for query processing in such settings. But implementing an analytics system on cloud functions comes with its own set of challenges. These include managing hundreds of tiny stateless resource-constrained workers, handling stragglers, and shuffling data through opaque cloud services. In this paper we present Starling, a query execution engine built on cloud function services that employs number of techniques to mitigate these challenges, providing interactive query latency at a lower total cost than provisioned systems with low-to-moderate utilization. In particular, on a 1TB TPC-H dataset in cloud storage, Starling is less expensive than the best provisioned systems for workloads when queries arrive 1 minute apart or more. Starling also has lower latency than competing systems reading from cloud object stores and can scale to larger datasets.