# Composing and Embedding the Words-as-Classifiers Model of Grounded Semantics

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.03283 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.03283/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 8 Nov 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Learning Zero-Shot Multifaceted Visually Grounded Word Embeddings via Multi-Task Training](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.07500/) (2021)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The words-as-classifiers model of grounded lexical semantics learns a semantic fitness score between physical entities and the words that are used to denote those entities. In this paper, we explore how such a model can incrementally perform composition and how the model can be unified with a distributional representation. For the latter, we leverage the classifier coefficients as an embedding. For composition, we leverage the underlying mechanics of three different classifier types (i.e., logistic regression, decision trees, and multi-layer perceptrons) to arrive at a several systematic approaches to composition unique to each classifier including both denotational and connotational methods of composition. We compare these approaches to each other and to prior work in a visual reference resolution task using the refCOCO dataset. Our results demonstrate the need to expand upon existing composition strategies and bring together grounded and distributional representations.