# Sharp Bounds for Genetic Drift in Estimation of Distribution Algorithms

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.14389 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.14389/

## Key facts

- Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 31 Oct 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [Choosing the Right Algorithm With Hints From Complexity Theory](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.06584/) (2021)
- [When Non-Elitism Meets Time-Linkage Problems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.06831/) (2021)
- [From Understanding Genetic Drift to a Smart-Restart Mechanism for Estimation-of-Distribution Algorithms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.09090/) (2022)
- [General Univariate Estimation-of-Distribution Algorithms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.11198/) (2022)
- [Concentration Tail-Bound Analysis of Coevolutionary and Bandit Learning Algorithms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.04480/) (2024)
- [A Review on Single-Problem Multi-Attempt Heuristic Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.26321/) (2025)
- [A Fresh Look at Lamarckian Evolution and the Baldwin Effect](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.28703/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Estimation of Distribution Algorithms (EDAs) are one branch of Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) in the broad sense that they evolve a probabilistic model instead of a population. Many existing algorithms fall into this category. Analogous to genetic drift in EAs, EDAs also encounter the phenomenon that updates of the probabilistic model not justified by the fitness move the sampling frequencies to the boundary values. This can result in a considerable performance loss. This paper proves the first sharp estimates of the boundary hitting time of the sampling frequency of a neutral bit for several univariate EDAs. For the UMDA that selects μ best individuals from λ offspring each generation, we prove that the expected first iteration when the frequency of the neutral bit leaves the middle range [tfrac 14, tfrac 34] and the expected first time it is absorbed in 0 or 1 are both Theta(μ). The corresponding hitting times are Theta(K2) for the cGA with hypothetical population size K. This paper further proves that for PBIL with parameters μ, λ, and ρ, in an expected number of Theta(μ/ρ2) iterations the sampling frequency of a neutral bit leaves the interval [Theta(ρ/μ),1-Theta(ρ/μ)] and then always the same value is sampled for this bit, that is, the frequency approaches the corresponding boundary value with maximum speed. For the lower bounds implicit in these statements, we also show exponential tail bounds. If a bit is not neutral, but neutral or has a preference for ones, then the lower bounds on the times to reach a low frequency value still hold. An analogous statement holds for bits that are neutral or prefer the value zero.