# Deep Learning for Hyperspectral Image Classification: An Overview

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.12861 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.12861/

## Key facts

- Cited by 123 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 26 Oct 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 123)

- [SpectralFormer: Rethinking Hyperspectral Image Classification with Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.02988/) (2021)
- [Dif-Fusion: Towards High Color Fidelity in Infrared and Visible Image Fusion with Diffusion Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.08072/) (2023)
- [Hyperspectral Image Classification-Traditional to Deep Models: A Survey for Future Prospects](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.06116/) (2021)
- [A Review on Deep Learning in UAV Remote Sensing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.10861/) (2021)
- [SpectralDiff: A Generative Framework for Hyperspectral Image Classification with Diffusion Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.05961/) (2023)
- [Diffusion Models Meet Remote Sensing: Principles, Methods, and Perspectives](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.08926/) (2024)
- [Spectral-Spatial Mamba for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.18401/) (2024)
- [A Survey: Deep Learning for Hyperspectral Image Classification with Few Labeled Samples](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.01800/) (2021)
- [How to Learn More? Exploring Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.15719/) (2024)
- [A Comprehensive Survey for Hyperspectral Image Classification: The Evolution from Conventional to Transformers and Mamba Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.14955/) (2024)
- [Mamba-in-Mamba: Centralized Mamba-Cross-Scan in Tokenized Mamba Model for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.12003/) (2024)
- [3DSS-Mamba: 3D-Spectral-Spatial Mamba for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.12487/) (2024)
- [Exploring Multi-Timestep Multi-Stage Diffusion Features for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.08964/) (2023)
- [HSIMamba: Hyperpsectral Imaging Efficient Feature Learning with Bidirectional State Space for Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.00272/) (2024)
- [Superpixel-based and Spatially-regularized Diffusion Learning for Unsupervised Hyperspectral Image Clustering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.15447/) (2023)
- [Deep Reinforcement Learning for Band Selection in Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.08741/) (2021)
- [SpectralNET: Exploring Spatial-Spectral WaveletCNN for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.00341/) (2021)
- [Adversarial Attacks against a Satellite-borne Multispectral Cloud Detector](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.01723/) (2021)
- [Pixel-Superpixel Contrastive Learning and Pseudo-Label Correction for Hyperspectral Image Clustering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.09630/) (2023)
- [LiDAR-Guided Cross-Attention Fusion for Hyperspectral Band Selection and Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.03883/) (2024)
- [Object Detection in Hyperspectral Image via Unified Spectral-Spatial Feature Aggregation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.08370/) (2023)
- [S2Mamba: A Spatial-spectral State Space Model for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.18213/) (2024)
- [CADRef: Robust Out-of-Distribution Detection via Class-Aware Decoupled Relative Feature Leveraging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.00325/) (2025)
- [Aerial Scene Parsing: From Tile-level Scene Classification to Pixel-wise Semantic Labeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.01953/) (2022)
- [Enabling Resource-efficient AIoT System with Cross-level Optimization: A survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.15467/) (2023)
- [FedFusion: Manifold Driven Federated Learning for Multi-satellite and Multi-modality Fusion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.09540/) (2023)
- [Hyperspectral Pansharpening: Critical Review, Tools and Future Perspectives](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.01355/) (2024)
- [Sharpend Cosine Similarity based Neural Network for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.16682/) (2023)
- [Dual Selective Fusion Transformer Network for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.03171/) (2024)
- [PromptHSI: Universal Hyperspectral Image Restoration with Vision-Language Modulated Frequency Adaptation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.15922/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Hyperspectral image (HSI) classification has become a hot topic in the field of remote sensing. In general, the complex characteristics of hyperspectral data make the accurate classification of such data challenging for traditional machine learning methods. In addition, hyperspectral imaging often deals with an inherently nonlinear relation between the captured spectral information and the corresponding materials. In recent years, deep learning has been recognized as a powerful feature-extraction tool to effectively address nonlinear problems and widely used in a number of image processing tasks. Motivated by those successful applications, deep learning has also been introduced to classify HSIs and demonstrated good performance. This survey paper presents a systematic review of deep learning-based HSI classification literatures and compares several strategies for this topic. Specifically, we first summarize the main challenges of HSI classification which cannot be effectively overcome by traditional machine learning methods, and also introduce the advantages of deep learning to handle these problems. Then, we build a framework which divides the corresponding works into spectral-feature networks, spatial-feature networks, and spectral-spatial-feature networks to systematically review the recent achievements in deep learning-based HSI classification. In addition, considering the fact that available training samples in the remote sensing field are usually very limited and training deep networks require a large number of samples, we include some strategies to improve classification performance, which can provide some guidelines for future studies on this topic. Finally, several representative deep learning-based classification methods are conducted on real HSIs in our experiments.