# Grammatical Gender, Neo-Whorfianism, and Word Embeddings: A Data-Driven Approach to Linguistic Relativity

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.09729 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.09729/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 22 Oct 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [What an Elegant Bridge: Multilingual LLMs are Biased Similarly in Different Languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.09704/) (2024)
- [The Causal Influence of Grammatical Gender on Distributional Semantics](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.18567/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The relation between language and thought has occupied linguists for at least a century. Neo-Whorfianism, a weak version of the controversial Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, holds that our thoughts are subtly influenced by the grammatical structures of our native language. One area of investigation in this vein focuses on how the grammatical gender of nouns affects the way we perceive the corresponding objects. For instance, does the fact that key is masculine in German (der Schl"ussel), but feminine in Spanish (la llave) change the speakers' views of those objects? Psycholinguistic evidence presented by Boroditsky et al. (2003, S4) suggested the answer might be yes: When asked to produce adjectives that best described a key, German and Spanish speakers named more stereotypically masculine and feminine ones, respectively. However, recent attempts to replicate those experiments have failed (Mickan et al., 2014). In this work, we offer a computational analogue of Boroditsky et al. (2003, S4)'s experimental design on 9 languages, finding evidence against neo-Whorfianism.