# Efficient Semi-Supervised Learning for Natural Language Understanding by Optimizing Diversity

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.04196 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.04196/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 9 Oct 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Industry Scale Semi-Supervised Learning for Natural Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.15871/) (2021)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Expanding new functionalities efficiently is an ongoing challenge for single-turn task-oriented dialogue systems. In this work, we explore functionality-specific semi-supervised learning via self-training. We consider methods that augment training data automatically from unlabeled data sets in a functionality-targeted manner. In addition, we examine multiple techniques for efficient selection of augmented utterances to reduce training time and increase diversity. First, we consider paraphrase detection methods that attempt to find utterance variants of labeled training data with good coverage. Second, we explore sub-modular optimization based on n-grams features for utterance selection. Experiments show that functionality-specific self-training is very effective for improving system performance. In addition, methods optimizing diversity can reduce training data in many cases to 50% with little impact on performance.