# Race and Religion in Online Abuse towards UK Politicians: Working Paper

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.00920 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.00920/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 2 Oct 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [MP Twitter Engagement and Abuse Post-first COVID-19 Lockdown in the UK: White Paper](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.02917/) (2021)
- [Hostility Detection in UK Politics: A Dataset on Online Abuse Targeting MPs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.04046/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Against a backdrop of tensions related to EU membership, we find levels of online abuse toward UK MPs reach a new high. Race and religion have become pressing topics globally, and in the UK this interacts with "Brexit" and the rise of social media to create a complex social climate in which much can be learned about evolving attitudes. In 8 million tweets by and to UK MPs in the first half of 2019, religious intolerance scandals in the UK's two main political parties attracted significant attention. Furthermore, high profile ethnic minority MPs started conversations on Twitter about race and religion, the responses to which provide a valuable source of insight. We found a significant presence for disturbing racial and religious abuse. We also explore metrics relating to abuse patterns, which may affect its impact. We find "burstiness" of abuse doesn't depend on race or gender, but individual factors may lead to politicians having very different experiences online.