# Davidson-Luce model for multi-item choice with ties

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.07123 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.07123/

## Key facts

- Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 16 Sep 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 5 of 5)

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- [Ranking Reasoning LLMs under Test-Time Scaling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.10960/) (2026)
- [Identifying Copeland Winners in Dueling Bandits with Indifferences](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.00750/) (2023)
- [A comparative analysis of rank aggregation methods for the partial label ranking problem](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.17077/) (2025)
- [Scorio.jl: A Julia package for ranking stochastic responses](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.14103/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

This paper introduces a natural extension of the pair-comparison-with-ties model of Davidson (1970, J. Amer. Statist. Assoc.), to allow for ties when more than two items are compared. Properties of the new model are discussed. It is found that this "Davidson-Luce" model retains the many appealing features of Davidson's solution, while extending the scope of application substantially beyond the domain of pair-comparison data. The model introduced here already underpins the handling of tied rankings in the "PlackettLuce" R package.