# Charge-Based Prison Term Prediction with Deep Gating Network

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.11521 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.11521/

## Key facts

- Cited by 31 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 30 Aug 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 31)

- [ILDC for CJPE: Indian Legal Documents Corpus for Court Judgment Prediction and Explanation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.13562/) (2021)
- [A Survey on Legal Judgment Prediction: Datasets, Metrics, Models and Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.04859/) (2022)
- [A Statutory Article Retrieval Dataset in French](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.11792/) (2021)
- [On the Ethical Limits of Natural Language Processing on Legal Text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.02751/) (2021)
- [Semantic Segmentation of Legal Documents via Rhetorical Roles](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.01836/) (2021)
- [Legal Judgment Prediction with Multi-Stage CaseRepresentation Learning in the Real Court Setting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.05192/) (2021)
- [JuDGE: Benchmarking Judgment Document Generation for Chinese Legal System](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.14258/) (2025)
- [ClassActionPrediction: A Challenging Benchmark for Legal Judgment Prediction of Class Action Cases in the US](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.00582/) (2022)
- [U-CREAT: Unsupervised Case Retrieval using Events extrAcTion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.05260/) (2023)
- [Legal Judgment Reimagined: PredEx and the Rise of Intelligent AI Interpretation in Indian Courts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.04136/) (2024)
- [AutoLAW: Augmented Legal Reasoning through Legal Precedent Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.16034/) (2021)
- [Dependency Learning for Legal Judgment Prediction with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.06370/) (2021)
- [Ready Jurist One: Benchmarking Language Agents for Legal Intelligence in Dynamic Environments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.04037/) (2025)
- [Equality before the Law: Legal Judgment Consistency Analysis for Fairness](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.13868/) (2021)
- [Agent-Specific Deontic Modality Detection in Legal Language](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.12752/) (2022)
- [SemEval 2023 Task 6: LegalEval - Understanding Legal Texts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.09548/) (2023)
- [PILOT: Legal Case Outcome Prediction with Case Law](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.15770/) (2024)
- [Optimizing Numerical Estimation and Operational Efficiency in the Legal Domain through Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.19041/) (2024)
- [Enhancing Judgment Document Generation via Agentic Legal Information Collection and Rubric-Guided Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.02011/) (2026)
- [Exploring Large Language Models and Hierarchical Frameworks for Classification of Large Unstructured Legal Documents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.06872/) (2024)
- [Legal Fact Prediction: The Missing Piece in Legal Judgment Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.07055/) (2024)
- [A Hierarchical Neural Framework for Classification and its Explanation in Large Unstructured Legal Documents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.10563/) (2023)
- [Exploring Graph Neural Networks for Indian Legal Judgment Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.12800/) (2023)
- [Beyond Generative Artificial Intelligence: Roadmap for Natural Language Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.10554/) (2024)
- [LegalViz: Legal Text Visualization by Text To Diagram Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.06147/) (2025)
- [JurisCTC: Enhancing Legal Judgment Prediction via Cross-Domain Transfer and Contrastive Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.17264/) (2025)
- [AppellateGen: A Benchmark for Appellate Legal Judgment Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.01331/) (2026)
- [A Korean Legal Judgment Prediction Dataset for Insurance Disputes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.14654/) (2024)
- [A Multi-Source Heterogeneous Knowledge Injected Prompt Learning Method for Legal Charge Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.02233/) (2024)
- [Knowledge Augmented Entity and Relation Extraction for Legal Documents with Hypergraph Neural Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.08289/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Judgment prediction for legal cases has attracted much research efforts for its practice use, of which the ultimate goal is prison term prediction. While existing work merely predicts the total prison term, in reality a defendant is often charged with multiple crimes. In this paper, we argue that charge-based prison term prediction (CPTP) not only better fits realistic needs, but also makes the total prison term prediction more accurate and interpretable. We collect the first large-scale structured data for CPTP and evaluate several competitive baselines. Based on the observation that fine-grained feature selection is the key to achieving good performance, we propose the Deep Gating Network (DGN) for charge-specific feature selection and aggregation. Experiments show that DGN achieves the state-of-the-art performance.