# A scalable verification solution for blockchains

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.04756 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.04756/

## Key facts

- Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 12 Aug 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 10 of 10)

- [Intelligent AI Delegation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.11865/) (2026)
- [Verde: Verification via Refereed Delegation for Machine Learning Programs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.19405/) (2025)
- [Optimistic Verifiable Training by Controlling Hardware Nondeterminism](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.09603/) (2024)
- [Proof-of-Learning with Incentive Security](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.09005/) (2024)
- [Protocol Learning, Decentralized Frontier Risk and the No-Off Problem](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.07890/) (2024)
- [Smart Proofs via Smart Contracts: Succinct and Informative Mathematical Derivations via Decentralized Markets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.03044/) (2021)
- [TAO: Tolerance-Aware Optimistic Verification for Floating-Point Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.16028/) (2025)
- [On-Chain Decentralized Learning and Cost-Effective Inference for DeFi Attack Mitigation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.16024/) (2025)
- [OVIG: Optimistic Verification of AI Training Integrity via Gradient Signals](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.21045/) (2026)
- [SoK: Decentralized Agent Economic Infrastructure](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2610.01756/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Bitcoin and Ethereum, whose miners arguably collectively comprise the most powerful computational resource in the history of mankind, offer no more power for processing and verifying transactions than a typical smart phone. The system described herein bypasses this bottleneck and brings scalable computation to Ethereum. Our new system consists of a financial incentive layer atop a dispute resolution layer where the latter takes form of a versatile "verification game." In addition to secure outsourced computation, immediate applications include decentralized mining pools whose operator is an Ethereum smart contract, a cryptocurrency with scalable transaction throughput, and a trustless means for transferring currency between disjoint cryptocurrency systems.